Johns Hopkins Television Programs
1948-1960

Original Broadcast Date: 1950 November 21

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Abstract : The program opens with a film visit to the National Institutes of Health labs in Bethesda, MD. Dr. Thomas Tomlinson, tropical disease specialist with NIH, explains the life cycle of schistosomes via snails to humans. Dr. Willard Wright describes the charateristics of the disease and shows Centers for Disease Control films of victims of the parasite. He also explains how U.S. troops fighting in the South Pacific could bathe in infested streams and bring the parasite to the U.S. unless they use chemical repellants on their clothing and body. Dr. Eloise Cram describes her team's search for a U.S. snail that could serve as a host for schistosomiasis. The NIH schistosomiasis snail study collection from around the world is displayed. Dr. Mabelle Nolan describes her research for developing a safe chemical compound to pour into waterways to kill snails on a large scale, and she demonstrates how this works.

Original Broadcast Date: 1950 December 5

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Abstract : Lynn Poole invites members of the Federal Communications Committee, meeting in Washington, DC for hearings on the use of television as an educational medium, to watch this program as a practical example of how educational institutions can bring educational programs to the American people. This is the first public showing and demonstration of a combination of x-ray photography and fluoroscopy picked up by a television receiving tube, affording both dynamic and clear internal views of patients. The equipment was constructed at The Johns Hopkins University with funds from the U.S. Public Health Service and developed by Dr. Russell H. Morgan. Dr. Morgan shows and explains the dim images of a standard fluoroscope and the static x-rays of a chest, colon, and kidney produced on a radiographic table to compare the strengths and weaknesses of each procedure. With physicist Ralph Sterm at the controls and assisted by Vernon Bowers, Ed Custer, and Roy Collier, Dr. Morgan then demonstrates his new invention, which amplifies images 300-3,000 times, and x-rays the movement of the chest and hand of Joan Hunter for viewers to see. Finally, in the first live television, inter-city diagnosis, Dr. Paul C. Hodges, at the University of Chicago, and Dr. Waldron Sennott, at the U.S. Marine Hospital in New York, observe the x-ray/fluoroscopy images broadcast on their televisions and consult with Dr. David Gould, at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, and together diagnose and prescribe treatment for a patient, machine operator James Carter, who has metal particles clearly lodged in his chest and possibly his lungs.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 January 9

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Abstract : Lynn Poole defines an atom from the Greek word meaning "indivisible." Dr. Donald H. Andrews explains an oxygen molecule with the use of a model and demonstrates how pure oxygen causes combustion when it ignites either ethyl alcohol or octane. He also replicates hydrogen combustion, and he heats iodine crystals until they become a gas. Finally Dr. Andrews shows how knowledge of atoms and molecules can build new things for better living, such as the creation of aspirin from a basic benzine ring of molecules.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 January 16

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Abstract : The program begins with a tour of the Children's Hospital School of Baltimore, Maryland. Dr. Raymond Lenhard describes the symptoms of poliomyelitis, or infantile paralysis, and treatment of the disease. In the exercise room, physical therapist Henry Kendall demonstrates the muscle test for fingers and shoulders and explains how patients progress from simple to complex exercises. Patients are shown using crutches and leg braces, resting in the rocking bed, and doing underwater exercises in the treatment pool. "Iron lung" respirators are demonstrated and explained. Lynn Poole interviews two patients who recovered from polio, and he alludes to research being done in polio immunization.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 January 23

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Abstract : This program deals with why and how volcanoes erupt. At the time of the program, both Mt. Etna in Italy and Mt. Lamington in New Guinea were erupting. Dr. Chapman explains how some areas are more prone to volcanic activity and earthquake shocks than other areas because of the earth's crust. He shows a map of this "ring of fire." A film documents the eruption of Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii. Using a plaster model and cross section of Mt. Vesuvius volcano, Mr. Poole explains how a volcano erupts. Dr. Chapman shows specimens of a variety of lava rocks, including pumice and obsidian. Mr. Poole tells the story of Madame Pele, Hawaiian goddess of fire, and explains how black sand is created. Finally, a film of Paricutin, the newest volcano, in Mexico, is shown.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 January 30

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Abstract : Technical difficulties in the beginning of this program reduce the broadcast by nearly nine minutes. Dr. Sleight describes discriminability tests and experiments with hundreds of people to determine the best geometric shapes and sizes to use for such common items as knobs and highway signs. The idea is to fit the machine to the man for safety and efficiency. Mr. Poole offers the example of how knob sizes and shapes in an automobile help him distinguish wipers from headlights.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 February 6

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Abstract : Drs. Ted Byerly and Wade Brant, with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, in Beltsville, MD, discuss nutrition research on eggs and poultry. Dr. Brant demonstrates how diluted B-12 is injected into eggs for improved growth and vigor in the resulting poultry. He and Dr. Byerly explain the grade labels on egg cartons, including size determination, and they demonstrate a candling device to determine the quality of eggs. Marge Holloway, a home demonstration agent in Baltimore, fries eggs to show the differences in high and low quality eggs. In other experiments, the rooster of the dark Cornish breed, having quality meat, was bred with the Columbia hen, known for high egg production, to produce the cross breed Silver Cornish, which lays eggs, produces healthy chicks, and has improved carcass quality. Dr. Byerly compares chicken carcasses for meat quality, and he explains the National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP). A film promotes the NPIP's mission and its benefits for raising healthy, thrifty chicks.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 February 13

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Abstract : The program opens with the TV Guide citation and medal awarded to The Johns Hopkins Science Review, the first university program on the air, for its outstanding educational programming. Mortimer Loewi, Director of the DuMont Network; Kenneth Carter, general station manager of WAAM; and P. Stewart Macaulay, provost of The Johns Hopkins University, express thanks to TV Guide and pay tribute to the scientists who make the shows possible. Dr. John Spence demonstrates heart percussion, developed in 1761 by L. Auenbrugger, to outline the position and shape of the heart, which can now be done by x-ray. Dr. Francis Schwentker uses a model of the heart and a water pump to demonstrate heart activity and uses diagrams of the heart to explain the route of blood circulation, which is also shown on a human model. With the use of the heart model and diagrams, Dr. Schwentker explains the problems caused by congenital heart malformations (and the blue baby operation by Drs. Taussig and Blalock to correct it), rheumatic fever, high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease. He then demonstrates how the heart functions are studied with percussion and x-ray, stethoscope (including the recorded sound of both normal and heart murmur beats), blood pressure monitoring, electrocardiogram (shown for both normal and abnormal hearts), heart catheters, and angiograms (with an x-ray of the procedure). Finally Dr. Schwentker notes the different ways heart problems are being prevented by surgery on malformations, antibiotics to prevent recurrences of rheumatic fever, administration of the "wonder drug" ACTH to retard rheumatic fever damage, ongoing research on the heart, and seeking and taking the advice of physicians. An ad at the end of the show encourages viewers to contribute to their local heart fund during Heart Month.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 February 20

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Abstract : Lynn Poole opens the program by announcing that Johns Hopkins Science Review has won the 1950 TV Forecast Award. To celebrate the 75th anniversary of Johns Hopkins University, this program highlights the university's scientific contributions since 1976. Featured professors include James J. Sylvester, a mathematician who devised formulas used by physicists; Harmon N. Morse, a chemist researching how osmotic pressures govern the behavior of chemical solutions; Dr. William Henry Welch, pathologist who researched diphtheria and hog cholera; Dr. William S. Halsted, who used cocaine as an anaesthetic and was the first surgeon to require wearing of rubber gloves; Dr. William Osler, physician in internal medicine who developed a new method of correlating medical research with clinical studies; Dr. Howard A. Kelly, surgeon in gynecology; Dr. Franklin Mall, pathologist in anatomy and embryology; Dr. John Jacob Abel, professor of pharmacology who developed the concept of an artificial kidney; Dr. William Howell, physician who researched controlling heartbeat rate and clotting of blood; Dr. William Sydney Thayer, physician studying malaria and typhoid; Dr. Henry Rowland, physicist who developed diffraction gratings; Dr. Walter Dandy, brain surgeon who discovered a way to x-ray the brain; and Dr. Russell Morgan, physician who combined the x-ray with the fluroscope. Additional scientific contributions include those developed in the Hopkins Applied Physics Lab: the radio proximity fuse (credited with winning the Battle of the Bulge and hastening the end of the Pacific war) and exploration of the upper atmosphere with a camera (developed by Clyde Holiday) capable of shooting photos of the earth from 78 miles up. The president of Johns Hopkins, Dr. Detlev W. Bronk, concludes the program with a few comments on the importance of scientific research, explaining how curiosity for and exploration of the unknown, drives the scientist to discover new facts about our world through observation and experimentation.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 February 27

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Abstract : Mr. Poole answers the question, yes, there is science in art, especially in the restoration and preservation of art. Ms. Packard shows an eighteenth century painting heavily coated with varnish. She demonstrates the cleaning of it with solvents as Mr. Kirby explains the process and describes the return of the painting's original colors and clarity. Mr. Kirby uses various tools to preserve a wooden statue obscured with dirt, varnish, and paint while Ms. Packard describes the process. Dr. Freeman shows how the surface of a bronze statue can be cleaned and restored using electrolysis to remove encrustation and prevent further spread of bronze disease. Several restored objects from the Walters Art Gallery's collection are shown, such as a sixteenth century wooden statue, a church altar, a fifteenth century Spanish painting on wood, a landscape by Sisley, and a Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington. Mr. Poole emphasizes that the science of preservation is a highly skilled process and should not be tried at home. Finally a painting by Pontormo is x-rayed and restored to reveal a child that had been covered by additional paint. Mr. Poole misidentifies the child as Cosimo de Medici, but the painting is entitled, "Portrait of Maria Salviati with a Little Girl" (thought to be Giulia de Medici).

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 March 6

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Abstract : This program details how fossils of prehistoric organisms show the characteristics of ice age life and the earth's geologic past. A film by Princeton University professor Glenn L. Getson shows paleontologists at work excavating a site in the western U.S. Dr. Cooper discusses Indiana limestone, composed of microscopic shells, and research on reef limestone in west Texas. Dr. Dunkle briefly discusses Great Bone Lake, where Ice Age mammals bogged down, fossils from Rancho-La Brea Pitch Pools in California, Chesapeake Bay fossils, and Ice Age woolly mammals. Mr. Poole describes the Explorers' Club dinner where members sampled meat from an Alaskan Ice Age mammal. Dr. Delo describes the Ice Age's line of glaciation in the U.S. and runs Dr. William Reed's film of the glacial deposit zone in Michigan. He then shows a piece of tree root determined to be 11,000 years old by carbon-14 dating method.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 March 13

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Abstract : Despite initial on-air technical difficulties, the program shows the work of a field archaeologist in recreating the history of a site. Dr. Young explains a site drawing and exhibits the types of artifacts likely to be discovered in various parts of the site. He also explains that Roman coins are often discovered in non-Roman sites because of the Roman antiquarian excavators. Dr. Rowell describes comparative archaeology and how it is used to establish and confirm dates and civilizations. After a brief history of the Etruscan civilization, mentioning Herodotus and Lasa, Dr. Young exhibits a pitcher and tomb paintings, noting their Etruscan characteristics. Dr. Rowell analyzes ancient documents, including inscriptions and epitaphs, papyrus rolls, and Coptic script on wood. Finally, a student shows how life in Imperial Rome can be studied by examining articles from a Roman woman's dressing table, all items in Johns Hopkins University's Archaeology Museum study collection.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 March 20

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Abstract : Telegrams from educators and scholars mark the third anniversary of the Johns Hopkins Science Review. Dr. Abel Wolman summarizes the history of methods of acquiring pure water and the science of sanitary engineering. Chlorine was discovered to be a reliable and practical chemical to use to kill water-borne bacteria. Dr. Wolman also shows a film of microscopic organisms and silt in water and discusses the decline of typhoid fever. Dr. Wolman and his colleagues use both animated films and models of a water filtration plant and a sewage treatment plant to explain the water purification processes.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 March 27

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Abstract : Lynn Poole discusses the work of an industrial hygienist and notes that although there are many aspects of industrial hygiene, this program focuses on atmospheric contamination and its remediation. Dr. Anna M. Baetjer describes dusts (especially silica dust) and solvents (especially carbon tetrachloride) and the research being done to determine their effect on human workers. Charles E. Couchman, a Baltimore city industrial hygienist, demonstrates how carbon monoxide testing can be done with an instrument. Hopcalyte, developed at Johns Hopkins University and University of California, is used to reduce carbon monoxide levels. Allen D. Brandt, an engineer for Bethlehem Steel, shows photographs of exhaust systems at local industries and the collection and removal of particulate matter.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 April 3

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Abstract : This program defines biological warfare, its basis being what has happened experimentally with animals and accidentally with people, such as the Q fever epidemic. Dr. Langmuir, from the Communicable Disease Center in Atlanta, describes how an attack might contaminate air with infectious material or water supplies with contaminants spread throughout the distribution center. He also enumerates the agencies and organizations included in the public health safety net. Norman Kiefer of the Federal Civil Defense Administration suggests that we need better sampling and lab methods, vaccines, and investigation procedures to combat communicable diseases. The viewers were urged not to spread rumors but rather to request the pamphlet "What You Should Know About Biological Warfare."

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 April 10

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Abstract : This program explores the characteristics of normal cells and how they become cancerous. Illustrations and films of live cells show normal cell division and abnormal cell division and the differences between their structures. Another film illustrates neoplasia, the changes cells undergo when they become cancerous. Dr. George Gey shows photos of malignant cells under a microscope, and he discusses the influence of viruses on cancer cells produced in a jar. This will lead to the development of viruses and other organisms that will be able to kill cancer cells without harming normal cells.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 April 17

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Abstract : Lynn Poole opens the show by welcoming two new cities receiving the program, Rock Island, IL (WHBF-TV) and Omaha, NE (KN-TV). Dr. Reed continues with the definition epidemic theory: each disease has its own epidemiology although some, like malaria, are more complex than others. Historically, Dr. William Farr, of Great Britain, developed the smallpox and the cattle plague epidemic theories. Using measles as an example, Dr. Reed creates a mathematical expression of an epidemic to show the person-to-person transfer of the disease. Using diagrams, he shows how an encounter can make a susceptible person a new case who after recovery becomes an immune person. The epidemic equation would be St (the number of people susceptible to the disease over time) multiplied by 1 minus qct (the probability of a person with the disease meeting a susceptible person) equals Ct+1 (cases over time). The theory is then tested against experience. Dr. Reed also sets up an experiment demonstrating the random contact of contagious and susceptible people using colored beads in a simple machine. He concludes that the best control of an epidemic is isolation of cases from susceptibles and immunization of the susceptibles.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 May 1

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Abstract : A pre-program announcement is made that The Johns Hopkins Science Review series has just received the George Foster Peabody Television Award. Dr. Renn then explains how water is used in manufacturing processes and shows water samples from before and after industrial use. He demonstrates the action of soils on waste purification and explains how algae on stones also metabolize organic material to purify water. However, Dr. Renn also shows how concentration of waste in water varies, causing some streams to be overwhelmed by pollution discharge. He exhibits good organisms, such as mayfly nymphs and snails, clinging to rocks of a healthy stream and slime on stones in heavily polluted water. Charles Schrader, a biologist with American Viscose Corporation in Front Royal, VA, tests the tolerance of the freshwater flea daphnia magna for pollution to determine the effect of industrial wastes. Renn's Johns Hopkins University colleagues Thomas Smyth, Jr. and Reid Paramour demonstrate an apparatus for studying the effects of controlled concentrations of waste on fish in several aquaria simultaneously. Mr. Poole announces at the end that this program is being recorded at the request of UNESCO to be sent to France as a sample of the series.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 May 8

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Abstract : Dermatologist Maurice Sullivan discusses the benefits of sunlight in treating some diseases; however, he notes that many diseases are caused by or aggravated by the sun. He shows a light spectrum chart and draws a diagram of the layers of the skin as they would appear under a microscope and then explains the effects different wavelengths have on the biologic activity of the skin. Ultraviolet rays, not filtered out by the stratum corneum, create the first stage of sunburn. Dr. Sullivan explains how tanning occurs then compares the stratum corneum depth and pigment of five studio models with different skin types. He shows a graph of major U.S. cities and skin cancer cases, which parallel the hours of sunlight and exposure in different geographic locations. To protect against sun damage, Dr. Sullivan recommends limiting exposure to the sun; using drugs such as quinine, zinc oxide, etc.; reapplying protective creams; and being aware of environmental conditions that filter or reflect the sun's rays.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 May 15

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Abstract : Dr. Arthur K. Parpart and Dr. Lesley E. Flory explain and demonstrate the operation of the television microscope developed by RCA Labs and Princeton University. Its advantages over an electronmicroscope include a wavelength selectivity that includes ultraviolet, higher contrast without staining organisms, and the ability to see cells in motion at high magnification. A group of students watch cell division in a hyacinth root tip on this television microscope and also the inner and outer motions of a paramecium.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 May 29

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Abstract : Dr. Dethier explains his research for the perfect insect repellent. He discusses and gives examples of the five qualities of a perfect repellent: odorless, inexpensive, non-toxic, cosmetically acceptable, and effective for extended periods of time. Using a diagram of a blowfly's anatomy, Dr. Dethier explains how the flies are used in repellent research. Then using a series of actual flies, their wings waxed to sticks, Dr. Dethier puts the feet of the fly successively into sugar water, .01% glycol and sugar, and .1% glycol and sugar to observe the fly's reaction. The result is generally the average of a 100-fly test. Dr. Dethier then shows how one can predict the feasibility of some chemical compounds as repellents by their composition. He constructs a graph and, using aldehydes, plots the repellent effect in relation to the size of the compound's molecules.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 June 5

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Abstract : Host Lynn Poole reviews highlights of programs from the past year: "Freezing the Atom" (10/10/50) shows how atoms are slowed down and the development of the bolometer; "Electronics at Work in a Vacuum"(10/25/50) describes the development of the vacuum tube and the principles behind it, using puffed wheat in a jar as an example; "Your Questions About Science" (12/26/50) explains and demonstrates atomic chain reaction or nuclear fission using mouse traps and sugar cubes; "The Unbreakable Laws of the Universe" (1/2/51) explains the physical laws governing all things: inertia, action and equal reaction, conservation of motion, gravity, and atmospheric pressure; "Fight Against Polio" (1/16/51) filmed at the Children's Hospital in Baltimore, MD, shows how polio victims are being strengthened and restored to a normal life; "Don't Take Your Heart for Granted" (2/13/51) describes what the heart is, what can happen to it, and how to take care of it; "Archaeology: Key to the Past" (3/13/51) looks at the work of archaeologists and their study of the lost civilization of the Etruscans; "Cancer Will Be Conquered" (4/10/51) features Dr. Gey describing the differences between normal and cancerous cells and showing a magnified, live view of the separation of normal and abnormal human cells; "Is There Science in Art?" (2/27/51) reveals the science of cleaning varnish and dirt from old paintings at the Walters Art Gallery and the art of using x-rays and ultraviolet light to restore old paintings to their original intent. Poole also thanks the studio staff and mentions other favorite programs: "Fear" (103/50), "X-Ray, the Super Sleuth" (12/5/50), "Stream Pollution" (5/1/51), "Don't Drink That Water" (3/20/51), "Schistosomiasis" (11/21/50), and "Magnificent Microscope" (5/15/51).

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 June 12

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Abstract : The program shows a film produced by the Documentary Company for the Federal Security Agency, U. S. Public Health Service. It is the dramatic story of a ten-year-old boy with rheumatic heart disease and the use of the hormonal compound ACTH, a drug developed from a pituitary hormone of pigs, to improve his near fatal condition. Van Slyke describes ACTH, how it works, and how it's manufactured, and stresses that it is still a tool for research, not a cure-all.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 July 10

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Abstract : Dr. Corwin explains that the test tube is a window into chemical reactions, such as the evolution of a gas or a precipitate. He also shows various scientific instruments for chemistry research. Using chlorophyll as an example, Dr. Corwin describes the importance of this pigment, shows a model of the molecule, and demonstrates the process of purification of plant material for study of chlorophyll's chemical structure. He concludes that the synthetic creation of chlorophyll is still problematic. Dr. Corwin also looks at hemoglobin in the test tube and describes and demonstrates its function and how it reacts in relation to living processes.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 July 17

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Abstract : This program discusses planting and harvesting methods at Johns Hopkins University's Laboratory of Climatology at Seabrook Farms in New Jersey. Dr. Thornthwaite shows a variety of peas grown there in experimental gardens and the differences in their days to maturity as compared to the seed catalog's estimate. A film details the quality control lab at Seabrook Farms and features the tenderometer, used to determine the tenderness of a crop as part of an index for peak harvest. As a result of his research, Dr. Thornthwaite developed the planting slide rule, which shows the relationship of a vegetable's growth unit to the climatic calendar. Another film shows how the climatic calendar works on large scale planting and harvesting by following a pea harvest through processing, packaging, and freezing. Finally, Dr. Thornthwaite shows five samples of peas taken from differenct fields at different times to determine further that the growth index is accurate.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 July 24

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Abstract : Dr. Glass discusses the blood types A, B, AB, and O and demonstrates how antibodies in their plasma react to antigens of other types causing the red cells to clump. He then explains how experiments with Rhesus monkeys resulted in the 1939 discovery of the Rh factor. Dr. Elsa Johns extracts blood from members of the same family and demonstrates the procedure for determining Rh type by using either a centrifuge or test tubes and revealing the results on slides. Dr. Glass answers the family's questions about the implications of their various blood types, and he discusses how blood incompatibility may cause a Rh negative pregnant woman to produce hemolytic disease in her newborn.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 July 31

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Abstract : Mr. Brubeck, a safety specialist from the American Automobile Association, administers the required driving test to a Maryland State Health Department employee. Various simulations and machines assess the driver's vehicle knowledge, reaction time, steadiness, depth perception, eyesight acuity, and field of vision. The 25-question written test and the road test could not be shown on this program. In concluding, Mr. Poole notes that the August 1951 Redbook Magazine has an article on The Johns Hopkins Science Review series.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 September 11

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Abstract : Lynn Poole introduces this program by showing photos of early Wright brothers' planes, a Martin 404, and a rocket. Clyde Holliday, a senior engineer at Johns Hopkins' Applied Physics Lab, describes the Aerobee sounding rocket, developed by Aerojet Engineering Corp. in cooperation with the Navy's Bureau of Ordnance. Holliday shows a diagram of the 1,000 lb., 20-foot Aerobee as he explains its specifications and component parts. A film details a typical Aerobee preparation and take-off at White Sands proving ground in New Mexico. Holliday displays a still camera, installed in two rockets, that photographed one picture every two seconds of the upper atmosphere. Several photos from 70 miles up create a 1,400-mile panorama of the U.S. southwest. The camera is justified as a means to determine the rocket's position in space for properly reading data, to obtain meteorological data, and to perform long-range reconnaissance. Holliday also developed a 35mm motion picture camera that records views on either side of the rocket. He displays the internal workings of the movie camera in operation, a lens from the camera, and a motion picture taken by the camera. A film captures the preparation and launching of a V-2 rocket, including Holliday inserting the camera into the rocket. Camera views of the earth from 78 miles up reveal the curvature of the earth, the Gulf of California, and other distinctive landmarks.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 September 18

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Abstract : This program tells the story of the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution, the men who drafted the document, the printing of it, and its travels between states under adverse conditions, including its transference to Fort Knox during World War II. Finally, Dr. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress, asked for construction of a display case. On Constitution Day, September 17, 1951, the Constitution and Declaration of Independence were finally sealed in helium in an airtight glass envelope. Film clips show the ceremony and speakers, including President Harry S. Truman, Senator Theodore F. Green of Rhode Island, Chief Justice Fred M. Vincent, and Rev. Frederick Brown Harris, chaplain of Congress. The National Bureau of Standards developed the method for preservation after researching conditions promoting deterioration of parchment, and a reconstruction of their preservation process is explained.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 September 25

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Abstract : This program takes place during the meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society in Washington, DC, where new developments in X-ray technology are exhibited. After Lynn Poole explains x-rays' discovery by William Roentgen (1895), their definition, and their use, Dr. Russell Morgan interviews three scientists from the conference. Dr. E.S. Gurdjian, a Wayne State University radiologist, describes types of automobile accidents and shows how x-rays can demonstrate the severity of skull fractures at different speeds. Dr. Wallace Tirman, of Caylor Nichol Institute in Bluffton, Indiana, demonstrates a technique for using fine-grain film to make x-rays viewable under a microscope. These microradiographs show thin slices of body tissue for analysis on a diffraction x-ray unit. Dr. Jeffrey P. Moore, of Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia, shows that inserting a needle into a patient's back and injecting an opaque material is a more direct method for x-raying the spinal column to diagnose cartilage problems.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 October 2

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Abstract : Telemetering is defined as measuring physical quantities on a dial ("metering") at a distance ("tele"), such as atmospheric explorations with a weather balloon and a radio transmitter. Rockets carry 2-watt transmitters the size of a cigarette pack into the upper atmosphere to measure fuel consumption, oil pressure, air speed, altitude, cosmic ray intensity, and the magnitude of the earth's magnetic field. Mr. Riblet explains and illustrates how FM FM radio telemetering works. After playing a tape recording of the actual telemetering system in transmission from a rocket, Mr. Riblet shows a film of the receiving process of that transmission. The information received is used by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory to develop guided missiles for the Navy Bureau of Ordinance and to determine how these missiles perform. At the conclusion of the program, Lynn Poole announces that the current issue of TV Show has a story about The Johns Hopkins Science Review TV program. He also points out that starting next week, the show moves to Monday nights at 8:30 p.m.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 October 8

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Abstract : John Lehman, a glassblower at Johns Hopkins University, demonstrates and explains how to turn glass as it heats, pull points, blow bulbs, insert sidearms into bulbs, and make a glass coil. His creation of glass scientific apparatus is made to specification and exactness for university research labs.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 October 15

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Abstract : A demonstration of automatic door openers powered by photoelectric cells highlights this program. Mr. Tlanda, a service engineer from Stanley Works, exposes the working parts of an automatic door, including the electric eye and the pressure gauge of the piston and spring mechanism that opens the door. He shows photos of various locations where automatic doors are used, such as hospitals. Photoelectric cells are also used in factories and manufacturing to detect defects in and to count items on an assembly line. A film shot at Seabrook Farms, NJ shows lima beans being sorted for tenderness using this technique. Likewise, the electric eye inspects soft drinks for impurities and quality control on a bottling line. Another film, by Bell Telephone Labs, shows how the photoelectric cell is able to generate signals that reproduce sounds. A Bethlehem Steel film illustrates the use of the photoelectric cell in detecting holes in sheets of tin plate, counting the number of tin plate strips cut, controlling the tolerance or thickness of a sheet of tin plate, and assuring the proper direction of tin plate fed into the mill.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 October 22

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Abstract : This program consists of experiments to prove the facts of science and disprove the myths. For example, a copper penny is not a good substitute for an electrical fuse because a penny will overheat the wires and cause a fire. Dr. Richard Lazarus points out that not all psychiatrists diagnose and treat mental illness and abnormal behavior. He further explains the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist and the various interests in the latter's field, such as market research, human engineering, learning styles, and stress reactions. Other misconceptions this program seeks to dispel are that small flies are "baby" flies (they're all in the adult stage); that spontaneous generation occurs, as believed by Hermann von Helmholtz in the 19th century; that people can be hypnotized against their will; that frozen body parts should be rubbed with snow; that ice always keeps things cold; that water can put out any fire; and other superstitions mentioned briefly.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 October 29

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Abstract : This program recounts the story of a fictitious murder and a hit and run accident to show how a microscope can detect and convict a criminal even in seemingly unrelated crimes. Mr. Freimuth, a toxicologist for the Office of the Maryland State Medical Examiner, looks at samples of both fabric and paint from the victim's coat and from the bumper of the car under a microscope to identify that they are the same. Then Dr. Fisher, chief medical examiner for the state of Maryland, examines bloodstains under a microscope, using serums to determine human source and blood type. Lieutenant Nelligan, from the Baltimore Police Crime Lab., checks the laundry and cleaners' marks of the suspect's clothing. Finally, Sergeant Memone tests the ballistics of the suspect's gun to determine both bullets were fired from the same weapon. The accumulated incriminating evidence points to the criminal.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 November 5

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Abstract : The pediatricians in this program suggest that whether an infant is breast-fed or bottle-fed, it should not be on a rigid schedule, as earlier prescribed, because the emptying time of a baby's stomach varies. Let the child's appetite be the guide in feeding times. Vitamins, such as D from cod liver oil and C from orange juice, should be added to the diet. In introducing solid food, start with a bland cereal and pureed vegetables and meats. Chopped foods can be introduced to a child at age two or earlier. Avoid fried or spicy foods, strong vegetables, hot breads and pastries, and soups that fill up a child and reduce appetite. A chart showing children's body proportions and rates of growth explains changes in a child's appetite and food consumption. Ideally, over time a child will modulate his own diet to eat the type of food he needs for proper nutrition. Finally, good family dining habits are demonstrated.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 November 12

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Abstract : This program deals with how basic research leads to applied research, such as that of Ira Remsen, the first professor of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University, who accidentally discovered saccharine. Likewise, the present knowledge of the atom began in 400 B.C. with Democritus and has been contributed to by such scientists as John Dalton, Sir William Crookes, J. J. Thomson, W. C. Roentgen, and Robert Millikin. Other examples of applied research built on basic research include Thomas Graham's discovery of silica gel in 1861 and Walter A. Patrick's later uses for the gel. Some basic research projects that currently simply satisfy the curiosity of the scientists are the study of the effect of radioactive isotopes on corn seedlings at Brookhaven Labs, the dry air chamber for handling organic chemicals, paper chromatography research, the supersonic wind tunnel, and the drinkometer for measuring laps of water by rats.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 November 19

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Abstract : Lynn Poole notes that fewer than fifteen years before this program was aired, the blood bank was established when it was discovered that by adding sodium citrate to blood it could be preserved. This program traces blood transfusion from the time it is taken from a donor until it is transfused into a patient. John Danielson, a staff member of WAAM, gives blood in the studio during the program. His blood is typed and given the Wasserman test for syphilis. The history of blood transfusion began with William Harvey who discovered circulation of blood and Sir Christopher Wren who participated in the development of the hollow needle. The first donors were shorn lambs, but both lambs and transfused patients died, and it wasn't until 1818 that James Blundell successfully transfused women. Karl Landsteiner discovered blood types for compatibility in transfusion, and in 1914 scientists in several countries simultaneously discovered anticoagulants. A film shows the hygiene procedures for using blood and preparing plasma. Dr. Ravitch shows dried plasmas used by the Army and in emergencies, since whole blood can only be stored for 10-20 days. He stresses the importance of keeping accurate records of blood donations in blood banks.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 November 26

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Abstract : Using dramatic demonstrations of chemical reactions, Dr. Alyea shows the differences and similarities between chemical reactions and transmutations, such as atomic bomb or hydrogen bomb explosions. He unsuccessfully repeats an experiment to try to create ten electron volts of energy to demonstrate that the amount of electron volts are the main difference between chemical reactions and transmutations. He also explains the difference between fission (splitting) and fusion (combining). Using a series of vivid experiments, Dr. Alyea shows how explosions give off energy. He ends with suggestions of how atomic energy can be used for peace and promotes a book about peace entitled One World or None.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 December 3

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Abstract : Lynn Poole opens the program by summarizing a letter from viewers who are members of the Science Club at Monclair State Teachers' College in New Jersey. Baltimore Polytechnic Institute teacher Malcolm Davies proves that perpetual motion does not exist. The device purporting it is actually a Crookes' radiometer that merely demonstrates the facts of radiation. Davies then discusses the navigational issues confronting Columbus and his sailors, such as the differences in distances from the magnetic poles to the actual poles and the strength of the tradewinds. Poole exhibits a copy of The Story of Maps, written by Peabody librarian Lloyd A. Brown, which mentions an astrolabe, like that used by Columbus. Davies displays an astrolabe and shows how it's used in conjunction with the north star for navigation. He also demonstrates Gunter's quadrant and a marine sextant. The camera views through the sextant eyepiece as Davies makes adjustments, allowing viewers to experience its operation. Finally, using several examples, Davies explains Bernoulli's Principle, which occurs when vehicles at high velocity pass on roads and atmospheric pressure appears to push them together. Lynn Poole concludes the program by announcing that the current Look magazine has a preview of the next program, "Troubled People Meet."

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 December 17

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Abstract : This program opens with a dramatization of Max Brodel as a student trained in art and medicine discussing his future with Dr. Carl Ludwig. Brodel subsequently founded the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine at The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Annette Burgess, medical illustrator at the Hopkins Wilmer Eye Clinic, demonstrates a slit lamp to examine the iris and cornea of the eye and then sketches them. She also uses an ophthalmoscope to see problems with the eye's retina. The drawings she displays are often used as teaching tools. Leon Schlossberg, of the medical arts staff, sketches the heart of a blue baby for use in medical journals and textbooks and shows an illustration of fetal circulation drawn for a pharmaceutical company. Other drawings show a cross-section of a head with sinus and nasal passages, a brain, and the lungs of an asthmatic. Chester Reather, a medical arts photographer, documents various views of such medical procedures as rebuilding a chin, brain surgery, and treating arthritic hands. Reather also demonstrates and explains photomicrography: photographing such anatomical objects as a forty-day old human embryo or thin slices of human intestinal tissue, both shown to the viewers. Elizabeth Blumenthal, also in medical arts, demonstrates the process of "moulage" by molding a wax hand and casting a nasal portion of a human head. The program closes with a photo of Max Brodel.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 December 24

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Abstract : Lynn Poole pays tribute to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, founded in 1848, and dedicates this program to the men of science. Tools used by scientists in their labs are shown and explained: glassware, such as test tubes, beakers, mortar and pestle, graduated cylinders, condensers; microscope, to magnify specimens such as the ganglion shown; leak detector, such as the teslacoil, to determine sources of leaks; recording potentiometer, to accurately measure voltage; strobotac, whose flash appears to slow the action of a moving object so the eye can study it; arc lamp, to study optical instruments; dial indicator, to measure minute movements accurately; cathode ray oscillograph, to record electrical impulses of circuits; supersonic wind tunnel at Johns Hopkins University, to study the problems of air turbulence; Van de Graaff generator at Brookhaven National Lab, to study the acceleration of particles and explore the atom; cosmotron nearing completion at Brookhaven, to accelerate particles; Van Slyke gas analyzer, to measure body tissues and fluids for compounds; hand and foot counter, to detect and indicate radiation in humans; mass spectrometer, to analyze heavy elements in body tissues; remote control tongs, to place items safely near radiation; and stereoscopic microscope at Brookhaven, to protect observers from radiation and keep colonies sterile.

Original Broadcast Date: 1951 December 31

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Abstract : Films show highlights of the discoveries and contributions of American universities, including Johns Hopkins, from the first half of the twentieth century. At the University of California at Berkeley, Carl F. Meyer, head of the George Williams Hooper Foundation, conquered botulism thereby making commercially canned foods safe. America's first medical school, at the University of Pennsylvania, is where Dr. Alfred Newton Richards learned about kidney filtration and secretion while doing research on the green leopard frog in 1920. Dr. Craig Taylor, at the University of California at Los Angeles, developed a heat chamber to determine human tolerance for extreme heat in aircraft and space ships. In 1946 Dr. H. J. Muller, of Indiana University, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his research on how x-rays can cause changes in heredity of drosophila fruit flies. At Stanford University William Webster Hansen and Russell and Sigurd Varian developed the klystron, a vacuum tube essential to radar technology, and Dr. Henry Kaplan worked with physicists to develop atom smashers to treat brain tumors. Marvin Camras, an Illinois Tech. alumnus, improved on Volemar Poulson's early magnetic recorder to produce a modern tape recorder. At University of Southern California Dr. Richard Baker devised a machine to cut material extremely thin for better viewing on the electron microscope. And at the University of Utah, R. H. Bradford, A. M. Gaudin, and R. S. Lewis developed the "froth flotation" process for separating ores.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 January 7

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Abstract : Lynn Poole explains the production of a television program in Ben Wolfe's WAAM studio. He shows the viewers the master control room and the studio control room as well as the audio and video equipment of this period. He then introduces some of the employees and describes their studio jobs. Finally the entire staff runs through the activity involved in an actual program production.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 January 14

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Abstract : Lynn Poole displays a section of coaxial cable and shows on a map the 67 U.S. cities using this and microwave relays to service 109 television stations. Dr. M.E. Strieby, Director of Demonstrations for AT&T, explains the two ways to carry television programs: by coaxial cable and transcontinental radio relay. He tells how coaxial cable works and shows an amplifier, Bell Labs radio tube, and other electronic devices used in television transmission. Using a phototransistor, electromagnetic wave generator, crystal detector, and a phonograph, Dr. Strieby experiments with various materials to show how microwave signals can be disrupted, reflected, and polarized. Photographs show the lenses of a microwave system and typical metal and concrete relay towers with television transmitters and receivers.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 January 21

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Abstract : This program is a behind-the-scenes film featuring the people and activities at Johns Hopkins Hospital between 9:00 PM and 9:00 AM. Lad Grapski, assistant director of administrative services at the hospital, discusses the various roles of the hospital staff: guards, accountants, switchboard operators, cleaning crew, and maintenance men. Electrician Vincent Tomasetti demonstrates his procedure in making an electrical repair in the operating room of the Halsted Clinic. Pediatrician Dr. Thomas Reichelderzfer represents the professionals at the Harriet Lane Home children's hospital. Members of the emergency accident room staff include the registrar, x-ray technician, operating room nurses, and surgeons. In the obstetrics ward of the Women's Clinic, nurses tend to newborn babies. Cook Waverly Jennings notes that the hospital's food staff prepares 4,200 meals a day for patients and employees. Dr. Harry L. Chant, assistant director for professional services, comments on other continuous hospital functions, such as preparing for skin grafts or other surgeries.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 January 28

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Abstract : This program discusses how fluorine in drinking water prevents tooth decay. Dr. McCauley shows the structure of a tooth (enamel, pulp, and dentin) and how nutrients like calcium, phosphorous, and fluorine are delivered through the canals in the dentin of the tooth to reach the enamel. Dr. Leonard points out that although fluoride salts and ores are found in vegetables and seafoods, most people don't receive a sufficient amount to prevent tooth decay. McCauley says that teeth become highly resistant to decay if fluorine is taken during the formative period of teeth (birth to ten years). The doctors compare the dental decay rate in different cities where fluorine has been added to the water to other cities where it has not. One part fluorine per million parts of water is the optimum amount. Mr. Bailey diagrams and explains how and where fluorine is added to the Baltimore municipal water supply. He says that fluoridation does not change the color, clarity, taste, or smell or water.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 February 4

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Abstract : Lynn Poole reads letters he has received from the previous week's program on fluorine and warns viewers not to add the chemical to their own water or wells themselves. The current program is about krilium, which is not a fertilizer but a soil conditioner, produced by the Monsanto Corporation, that aggregates the soil. Mr. Green compares natural soil conditioners, such as peat moss, to krilium, a synthetic polyelectrolyte that requires less and lasts longer. Mr. Thomas conducts an experiment showing how krilium makes soil porous and crumbly despite the amount of water added. It stabilizes the soil and prevents soil compaction, encouraging root growth and air flow. Mr. Green produces a diagram showing the structural differences and a water percolation test between regular soil and krilium-treated soil. Mr. Holiday demonstrates how untreated soil turns to mud whereas treated soil acts like a sponge. Various examinations of plants, including time-lapse photography, show the superior seed germination and growth habit differences in those planted in krilium-treated soil vs. untreated soil. Mr. Green notes that krilium production is limited now until more tests are conducted. He shows films of krilium tests on control of soil erosion, especially near highways, and on baseball diamonds, such as the Pittsburgh Pirates'. At the conclusion of the program, Mr. Poole offers viewers, for the price of a two-cent postcard, a copy of the March 1952 Johns Hopkins University Magazine, containing a ten page article on the production of the Science Review program.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 February 11

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Abstract : Lynn Poole explains the photosynthesis process and introduces three scientists from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Schocken compares solar energy with energy from an atomic bomb. He then describes how green plants store and use the sun's energy and the interdependence of plants and animals as one produces carbon dioxide and the other oxygen. Dr. Riley shows a diagram of a cross-section of a leaf and a microscopic view of plant cells and the portions used in photosynthesis. He focuses on chlorella, one-celled plants, under an electron microscope to show their chloroplasts and demonstrates how a single quanta of light can initiate the photosynthesis process. Dr. Burk performs experiments to test the maximum efficiency of converting light energy into physical energy. The scientists predict that man may be able to harness solar power through the process of photosynthesis to produce food and fuel in the future. Such research is being conducted at the Arthur D. Little experimental chlorella algae farm and at the Stanford Research Institute. Gordon Dean, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, also sees the possibility of production of unlimited food and fuel through solar energy. And James B. Conant, president of Harvard University, predicts that solar energy will be the dominant factor in the production of energy in the year 2000. Lynn Poole concludes the program with the offer of a free reprint of the March 1952 Johns Hopkins University Magazine featuring an article on the production of the Science Review program.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 February 18

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Abstract : Dr. Abel Wolman describes the purpose of a university as a place to search for truth without interference. When research is in its initial stages, the information generated does not appear to have any useful application. By using case studies, the show demonstrates that basic research can have profound implications. Dr. Wolman provides some examples of how seemingly insignificant research can lead to important discoveries: Josiah Willard Gibbs, professor of theoretical physics; Henry A. Rowland, builder of the engine for ruling diffraction gratings; and Ira Remsen, developer of saccharine. Next, Dr. Francis Schwenkter describes recent medical inventions, instruments, and investigations that revolutionized the world: the circulation of spinal fluid, the properties of folic acid, and the treatment of blue babies, cancer, and rickets.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 February 25

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Abstract : Lynn Poole discusses how small investments in scientific research have led to great benefits for mankind, such as the discovery of electricity and penicillin, worth many times the initial investments. A film shows Marvin Camras, who made improvements on Valdemar Poulsen's magnetic recorder, resulting in the modern magnetic tape recording. Dr. Paul Bachman, Director of Research for Davison Chemical Corporation, discusses Walter A. Patrick's uses of silica gel beyond that of a moisture absorber or dehumidifier. Commercially, silica gel is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of petroleum compounds and aviation gasoline as well as in the production of home varnishes and lacquers. Douglas Turnbull, assistant to the president of the B&O Railroad, explains the research for using pulverized butuminous coal to power a gas turbine locmotive engine. He mentions Col. Roy Barton White as the leader of this project and Alexander Graham Christie as the Johns Hopkins University researcher on the project. Films show two other research projects generating huge returns: the supersonic wind tunnel, with an explanation of its operation and the benfits it accrues for aeronautics; and spectroscopy, with its many uses in steel manufacturing, astronomy, physics, chemistry, etc. made possible by diffraction gratings developed by Henry A. Rowland of Johns Hopkins University.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 March 3

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Abstract : Lynn Poole displays a stereopticon and points out that this is the same principle behind aerial photogrammetry. Mr. Abrams discusses the mission of the American Society of Photogrammetry, organized in 1934, and displays the society's journal, Photogrammetric Engineering. He then shows a photo of the Abrams Explorer, the only plane designed specifically for mapping and aerial surveying. Films produced by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Army illustrate hydrographers on a survey ship and on land mapping and charting seas, using sounding for depth and triangulation for plotting. Mr. Salzman, of the U.S. Hydrographic Office, explains how aerial photos are of a three dimension terrain on a two dimension plan, and a film shows how instruments reconstruct this topography into a conventional map on a useful scale. Mr. Thompson, of the American Society for Photogrammetry, demonstrates the use of a specially designed projector, the Bausch and Lomb multiplex aerial system. The program concludes with film of the final production of accurate maps and charts.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 March 10

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Abstract : On this fourth anniversary program, Lynn Poole reads a few congratulatory telegrams from stations around the country and from Colorado Senator Edward C. Johnson. This program also celebrates the 157th anniversary of the U.S. Navy Supply Corps and reviews their recent research and development in clothing and food. Navy Lt. Philip Crosby shows photos of old uniforms and then explains the new fabrics and design features of improved cold weather gear, such as the Navy's A-2 ensemble, which is modelled. He also compares various vintages of rubber boots, including the new insulated, waterproof ones used in Korea to eliminate frostbite. A waterproof submarine suit is also modelled. Lt. Commander J. A. Corrick, Jr. shows the list of foods on a 1794 Naval ration card and explains the space problem of carrying large quantities of food, such as potatoes, for the crew. Lt. Charles Shulman describes the cooperative project between the Navy and private industry to manufacture a "radar range," which cooks a frozen turkey in eighteen minutes.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 March 17

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Abstract : At the beginning of this program, Jerome Spingarn, of the National Association for Better Radio and Television, presents the 1952 Outstanding Educational Program Award to Kenneth Carter, the WAAM station manager, and Lynn Poole, representing Johns Hopkins University. The program then continues with an explanation of physical anthropologists' work. Dr. Newman, assistant curator of the Physical Anthropology Division of the Smithsonian Institution, compares two skeletons to determine their sex, age, height, race, and origin. Dr. Stewart, curator of the same division, discusses indications of diseases such as bone tumors, arthritis, syphilis, and poorly knit broken bones on the skeletons. He then explains how he has helped the FBI solve such crimes as The Lonely Hearts murder case and one involving an ex-Marine by examining the skeleton and giving an accurate description of the victim. Dr. Newman describes how he finds clues about missing persons from skeletons, such as that of the Indian Head Highway woman, found in June 1951. Mr. Poole concludes the program by pointing out the article in the current week's Newsweek celebrating the Johns Hopkins Science Review's fourth anniversary.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 March 24

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Abstract : At the beginning of this program, Mr. Kenneth Wells, President of the Freedoms Foundation in Valley Forge, PA, presents to Lynn Poole and Johns Hopkins University the George Washington Medal for the Science Review's program "Story of a Parchment." The program then continues with Dr. Walker discussing the Pennsylvania State College's collaborative project with the U. S. Navy to improve propellers on torpedoes to make them go faster, further, and quieter. He explains and gives examples of "cavitation," the formation of bubbles and noise created by a propeller. Using models, Dr. Robertson explains the water tunnel built at Penn. State to simulate the action of propellers on torpedoes and to conduct research in hydrodynamics and propulsion. He shows a photo of the control panel of the water tunnel and explains some of its instruments. A film illustrates the actual procedure of the water tunnel itself. Dr. Robertson also demonstrates an apparatus called an eggbeater so viewers can see and hear cavitation. Dr. Walker displays and discusses water wheels, counter-rotating propellers, propellers with 3, 4, and 8 blades, propellers with different blade shapes and blade tip shapes, all designed to reduce cavitation. In conclusion, Admiral Bolster discusses how research benefits the Navy and how propeller efficiency will improve the effectiveness of ships, submarines, and torpedoes. He notes that cooperation between government and industry contributes to national security to preserve the democratic way of life.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 March 31

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Abstract : This program covers how political scientists gather and analyze facts. One example is the 1948 election, of which Mr. Bean was the only analyst to predict the re-election of Harry Truman over Thomas Dewey. Mr. Bean defines a "political tide" as the factual record of relative strength of two parties, such as charting their progress from 1928-1952. Dr. Moos notes regional characteristics of voting too and shows charts comparing party votes from 1928-1948 in Baltimore, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Milwaukee, Chicago, and Los Angeles. Mr. Bean points out that state voting often reflects national trends as well. Dr. Moos discusses the relationship of the Presidential vote to the Congressional vote as illustrated in a cartoon of the "coattail theory." Mr. Bean displays charts proving that Congressional voting in Presidential voting years tends to fall off in mid-term years thus contributing to election predictions. Dr. Moos says that, with the exception of Harry Truman's election in 1948, since 1888 the party that has controlled the House of Representatives during biennial elections has gone on to win the Presidential election two years later. Mr. Bean concludes that in trying to predict the upcoming 1952 election, he would consider the party convention candidate selections, the national business situation, and the degree of voter participation.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 April 7

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Abstract : Lynn Poole announces that the readers of TV Guide have voted the Johns Hopkins Science Review the favorite public service program in the Washington/Baltimore area. An introductory film shows the U. S. Air Force School of Aviation Medicine at Randolph Air Force Base, near San Antonio, Texas, under the command of Brigadier General Otis O. Benson, Jr. Its mission is to train examiners and physicians and conduct research while its Gunter, Alabama branch trains nurses, technicians, and administrators. The program's guests discuss what is being studied at the school: Dr. Johnson, of the physiology department, explains the definition and symptoms of hypoxia (insufficient oxygen) and demonstrates a warning device; Lt. Gulley, of the ophthalmology department explains an eye chart for night vision and demonstrates a trainer using model aircraft and bombers; Capt. Redmond, of the pharmacology and biochemistry department, discusses motion sickness problems including the types of motion and the research being done to alleviate it; Lt. McCleary, of the psychology department, explains both the physical and psychological effects of extreme temperatures on the efficiency of military personnel and their operations and shows a test for it. In conclusion, Mr. Poole advertises Today's Science and You, written by the host and published last week (April, 1952).

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 April 14

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Abstract : Archaeologist Meggers describes conditions on the island of Marajâo at the mouth of the Amazon, the research done there, the various modes of transportation on the island to visit the 91 sites, and the potsherds discovered there. Dr. Evans describes archaeologists' techniques, including strata cuts, digging in the trash of prehistoric cultures. He demonstrates this technique by using scale models made at the Archaeology Lab at the Smithsonian Institution. Most sites yield fragments of broken pottery, but cemetery sites offer larger burial pieces, bones, and cremation ashes. Dr. Meggers points out that in addition to fieldwork, archaeologists must do analysis, classification, and description of found pieces in the lab. She describes the criteria for analyzing and classifying potsherds, and she explains a chart diagramming the time periods and popularity of each type of pottery. Dr. Evans compares and reconstructs two cultures of people through stratigraphy and their pot making.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 April 21

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Abstract : To show how isotopes can be used to locate elements in the body, Dr. Robert Ballentine drinks radioactive iodine 131 at the start of the program. Later he uses a Geiger counter to show the level of radioactivity in his stomach and thyroid, where it accumulated. Such a tracer can be used in biological research and as a medical diagnostic tool. Dr. Ballentine further describes the characteristics of isotopes, the Brookhaven Pile at Brookhaven National Laboratories, and how isotopes are obtained.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 April 28

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Abstract : The picture portion of this program is temporarily delayed because of telephone company failure. Once it resumes, albeit "not up to par" according to the announcer, Dr. Maddin explains that an industrial metallurgist is concerned with the strength/weight ratio of metals, and he illustrates this with a chart showing steel's properties. The "little known" metals discussed on this program include titanium, lightweight but strong and used by the U. S. Army for mortar bases; vitalium, an alloy of 65% cobalt, 30% chromium, and 5% molybdenum, that is stronger than steel and used in orthopedic surgery; tantalum, used in skull plates and hernia operations because it can mold itself into any shape and tissue will grow over it; mercury, so versatile it has more than 1,000 uses; selenium, used in photoelectric devices such as light meters; and cerium, used as a flint in lighters because of its sparking characteristic. At the conclusion, Mr. Tatum, of the Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Co., demonstrates the use of germanium in telephone transistors to amplify voices. He predicts that "some day we may also use transistors in radios and televisions."

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 May 5

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Abstract : Films of some of Johns Hopkins leading scientists and their contributions are presented in this program. Dr. Elmer Verner McCollum, professor of biochemistry, was the first to demonstrate the presence of vitamins in animal and plant tissues and thereafter discovered vitamins A, D, and B1. Dr. John Boswell Whitehead, electrical engineer, discovered high frequency dielectrics and invented the corona voltmeter in 1916. Dr. Alexander Graham Christie, professor of mechanical engineering, was a power plant designer who won the Lamme Medal for Engineering Teaching in 1948. Dr. George Boas, professor of philosophy, wrote many books about humanities as the foundation of civilization, including Winged Pegasus, the featured title. Dr. William F. Albright, Biblical archaeologist, excavated sites at Timna and Hajar bin Humeid and confirmed the authenticity of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Dr. Robert Williams Wood, chair of experimental physics at Hopkins, performed diffraction gratings research, invented infrared photography and filters, and developed ultra violet lamps. At the conclusion of the program, three guests explain military operations research. Rear Admiral Temple, senior Naval member of the Weapons System Evaluation Group, explains that his organization evaluates previous operations and deduces facts on which to base decisions. Jacinto Steinhart, Director of Operations for the Evaluations Group, says that Operations Research involves military planning plus engineering analysis, based on data which is applied to an operation, such as aerial depth bombs. And E. C. Williams, Director of Operations Research for the British Admiralty, gives examples of how this research is used for the Royal Air Force to make predictions about future plans.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 May 12

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Abstract : This first British program seen in the United States opens with greetings from Mr. Gifford, U. S. Ambassador to Great Britain. Andrew Miller-Jones, BBC producer, interviews Lynn Poole as he arrives at a London airport for this Anglo/American television project, broadcast there on May 7. Mr. Poole briefly explains the studio set-up and the broadcast transmission in both the U. S. WAAM studio and the U. K. studio at Lime Grove, which erected a transmitter aerial on Alexander Palace in 1936. He then outlines the U. K. transmitter stations, including Sutton Coalfield, opened in 1949; Holme Moss, where Mr. Poole climbs the transmitter mast; and Kirk O'Shotts, opened in 1952 in Scotland. Mr. Poole reviews the fathers of modern television: Vladimir Zworykin, who invented the iconoscope, and Alan B. Dumont, who developed the cathode ray tube, in the U. S.; and John Logie Baird, a Scottish inventor who developed the 30-line system. A. A. Campbell-Swinton also foresaw the possibility of television or "distant electric vision" when he presented a prototype to the Roentgen Society in 1912. A BBC staff member demonstrates the original television camera projector used by the studio in 1932 and explains the operation of a 1933 30-line home receiver, which still functions with current equipment. James McGee explains his 1932 television tube. Mr. Poole notes that the first service programs were broadcast in the U. K. in 1936, and he shows some of these early recordings: the dancer Margot Fonteyn, musical stage shows, a 1937 coronation program. He also shows some current television sports shorts. Mr. Poole interviews Janet (Jasmine) Bligh, an announcer and stunt woman for BBC since 1936. She points out that the stations all closed from 1939-1946 during W. W. II. In conclusion, Mr. Poole presents an architectural model for the BBC's new White City television studio location, and he announces that on July 14 (1952) the BBC will be broadcasting to Paris.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 June 2

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Abstract : Lynn Poole first reviews the three programs he produced in conjunction with Great Britain's BBC: a visit to Lime Grove Studios in London and a discussion of British television; a remote telecast from the Royal Society with D. C. Martin, the society's secretary; and an interview with Sir Frank Whittle, inventor of the jet propulsion engine. He then shows photos of a BBC television camera from 1936, when BBC first began broadcasting nationally, and other photos of modern British television cameras. A subsequent film, prepared by George Nordoff and narrated by Philip Brown, shows additional British scientific research: how time-lapse photography is done; how crystals of different chemical substances have unique patterns and characteristics; how Sir William Lawrence Bragg, at Cavendish Labs in Cambridge, England, uses bubbles to demonstrate the slip, or rearrangement of atoms, that occurs when metals are bent; and how scientists compare the actions of different detergents on fabrics. Lastly, Mr. Poole, using a drawing, explains research being done at Harvard Hospital in Salisbury, England, on the common cold.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 June 9

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Abstract : Host Lynn Poole reviews highlights of programs from the past year: "A Hospital Never Sleeps" (1/21/52) takes viewers behind the scenes at Johns Hopkins Hospital at night; "Artist and the Doctor" (12/17/51) reveals medical artists' work, including photographic art and "moulage" at the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine founded by Max Brodel in 1885 at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; "The World From 78 Miles Up" (9/11/51) shows film clips, diagrams, and explanation of the operation of the Navy's Aerobee rocket as it gathers atmospheric data; "Solar Power for Food and Fuel" (2/11/51) describes solar energy research and offers an explanation and microscopic view of plant cells engaged in photosynthesis; "Is It True?" (10/22/51) differentiates between the myths and facts about hypnosis; "It's a Fact" (12/3/51) demonstrates the facts of radiant heat using a Crooke's radiometer and explains Bernoulli's Principle; "Krilium for Tomorrow" (2/4/52) introduces Monsanto's soil conditioner for creating porous soil for better plant growth and uses time lapse photography to show plants' growth rate in the product.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 June 16

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Abstract : Using various breeds of dogs, Mrs. Albert demonstrates how dogs can be taught to modify their behavior to fit well into their owner's lives. Her topics include leading a dog with appropriate collars and leashes, discouraging jumping dogs by throwing them off balance, housebreaking a puppy by teaching place and giving praise, understanding and preventing destructive chewing, encouraging a dog to come rather than stray by offering pleasure and praise when called, and controlling barking by teaching dogs to stop on command. In summary, Mr. Poole comments that calmness and friendliness are critical in training a dog.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 June 23

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Abstract : Ornithologist Peterson estimates there are 5-6 billion birds in the United States in June and 12-15 billion by early September. He runs films by the National Audubon Society and describes the birds shown. He says there are 650 different species of birds in America, and each bird has its own song. He describes the reasons for birdsong and plays recordings of various songs while showing his own paintings of the birds. Peterson discusses migration of certain birds and the hazards involved, showing films of such migratory birds as golden plovers, ruby throated hummingbirds, bobolinks, and Arctic terns. Another film illustrates several species of ducks, geese, and swans, which also migrate. The first birds of spring, Peterson says, are weather migrants like the robin, meadowlark, and bluebirds, which he shows in films. Others, such as the crested flycatcher and the Baltimore oriole, are calendar migrants. He suggests putting out suet and seeds in the winter to attract birds and promotes birdwatching as an outdoor interest.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 June 30

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Abstract : To introduce this program on poisonous plants, Lynn Poole exhibits a quiver of poisonous blow gun arrows used by primitive Ecuadorian Indians. William A. Dayton, chief of the Division of Dendrology for the U.S. Forest Service, recounts the superstitions and myths about poisonous plants and notes allusions to them in the Bible and in Shakespeare's works. He shows sketches of two groups of particularly virulent plants: water hemlocks and amanitas mushrooms. Mr. Dayton says that there are more than 500 species of poisonous plants in the United States, and some cause the loss of 4% of livestock each year. Two such classes of plants are the alkaloids, which contain nitrogen, and the glycosides, which produce prussic acid. He shows photos of toxic plant specimens and their reactions when ingested by animals. Cattle are susceptible to larkspur and St. John's wort; sheep to pingue, lupine, horsebrush, and halogeton; horses to locoweed and death camas. Mr. Dayton recommends various ways of controlling poisonous plants. A film shows poison ivy identification, and a man displays the poison ivy blisters on his arm. Mr. Dayton concludes with a description of nettles, burrs, and poison ivy/oak/sumac.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 July 7

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Abstract : Lynn Poole briefly describes the natural resources of the United States and shows their location on a map as an introduction to this program on the Materials Policy Commission, appointed by President Truman, which has just published its five volume report of facts and recommendations for the future. According to the report, the projected 1975 demand for raw materials will be an increase of 64%. A chart compares consumption of raw materials in 1900, 1950, and 1975 and the resulting production surpluses and deficits. Dr. Arnold C. Harberger, Johns Hopkins University economist and staff consultant on the Commission, explains how projections on zinc and steel demands are calculated. He assumes that although the 1975 GNP will be twice that of 1950, demand for many goods, such as automobiles and televisions, won't grow at the same rate. A chart shows the general demands of all natural resources in 1975. Harberger says that to meet these demands, the Commission recommends efficient production of coal and petroleum, geological surveys of the United States, and mass production of such new materials as tantalum and germanium. Further recommendations include buying materials abroad to boost the world economy, studying the rising real costs, and conservation of natural resources.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 July 14

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Abstract : Mr. Kolb, from the Maryland Natural History Society, describes and shows some of the varieties of animals and insects that might be found in viewers' backyards. Specimens examined in the studio include a pet box turtle, lady bird beetles or lady bugs, woolly aphids, grasshopper nymphs, Japanese beetles, earthworms, pillbugs, spiders, toads, and a garter snake. Mr. Kolb also explains how many of these species fit into the garden food chain.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 July 21

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Abstract : Mr. Clark, Smithsonian Institution biologist and zoologist, shows and talks about caterpillars, their nests, and butterflies that are eaten in parts of the world. With display cases of mounted butterflies as a visual aid, Mr. Clark discusses butterflies used in adornments, moths as crop and garden pests, specimens that give off scents and others that mimic leaves or other species. He explains the anatomical parts of a butterfly and gives a microscopic view of the life cycle of a butterfly: from eggs to larvae to caterpillars to pupae to butterflies. Mr. Clark also points out some unusual South American varieties, the smallest and largest of the collection, and the differences in sizes between the male and the female of some species. He touches upon butterfly migration, such as that of the Monarch.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 July 28

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Abstract : A narrated film shows how running water has changed the surface of the earth more than any other natural element and offers as examples the Grand Canyon (and how it was formed) and Niagara Falls (and why it is moving upstream). The film continues with glaciers as another land-molding force, explaining where they were and how they work to change the landscape. A prime example is the Yosemite Valley formation including its Bridal Veil Falls, Upper and Lower Yosemite Falls, and other natural formations. The geysers, steam vents, and hot water basins at Yellowstone National Park are also featured, including a model showing how geysers function. Water also causes erosion resulting in natural bridges such as Natural Bridge in Virginia and the Kachina, Owachoma, and Sipapu Bridges, known collectively by the Paiute Indians as "ma-vah-talk-tump," or "under the horse's belly," in the Four Corners area of the U.S. The program continues with a filmed sequence of caves, explaining how the Mammouth Cave in Kentucky was created and how stactites and stalagmites are formed. The formations in Carlsbad Caverns, in New Mexico, are also shown. In closing Mr. Poole describes the great monadnock in Wyoming and the Ring of Fire created by volcanoes in the Pacific.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 August 4

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Abstract : Lynn Poole promotes the book Creation of the Universe by George Gamow, George Washington University professor and consultant to Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Hanna explains and diagrams the solar system, describing each planet, including their satellites, and suggesting evidence of the possibility of life on Mars. He mentions the characteristics of comets and sunspots and shows telescopic photos of them as well as of a solar eclipse, the sun's corona, Venus, Saturn, and the moon. Mr. Poole describes a galaxy, and Dr. Hanna describes what is seen in the telescopic photos of galaxies in outer space, including the Milky Way. Mr. Poole suggests constellations and heavenly bodies to look for in the night sky, such as the North Star, the Big Dipper, Cygnus, Cassiopeia, Arcturus, Vega, and Mars.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 August 11

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Abstract : Lynn Poole briefly interviews Howard Ross, Director of Broad Creek Memorial Scout Camp serving the Baltimore Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America. Mr. Ross notes that the camp promotes scouting skills more than athletics. To demonstrate this, Mr. Poole talks with several scouts who discuss and/or demonstrate how to build a lean-to, handle an axe safely, build a fire with a flint, find and prepare food in the wild, use a watch as a compass, tie artificial flies for fishing, and create and use decorative wooden neckerchief slides. An older scout demonstrates butterfly collecting for species identification, the use of leaves for making decorative splatter prints, and identification of birds by sight and song.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 August 18

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Abstract : Mr. Dillehunt describes the versatility of wood's thickness, color, pliability, and hardness. He demonstrates the difference in hardness by driving nails into a piece of balsa wood and a piece of lignum vitae. He shows the cross-section of growth rings in a tree and the magnification of wood cells, indicating the fiber walls of wood which carry water and which shrink and often crack from lack of moisture. A model of the slash cut and the quarter cut shows the differences in lumbering wood. Mr. Dillehunt exhibits samples of ebony, curly maple and birdseye maple, used ornamentally. He also displays a bowl made from a burl, a disease of the tree. Mr. Poole recommends Wood handbook, a guide for woodworkers produced by the U.S. Government Printing Office.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 August 25

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Abstract : Lynn Poole shows William Harvey's 1628 book Anatomical Studies on the Motion of the Heart and Blood, which proved that blood circulates in the body. Mr. Poole then introduces an animated film by Prof. Winifred Cullis, distributed by United World Films, which gives an explanation of the complete heart cycle and blood circulation. It also includes a demonstration of a sphygmograph to record pulse rates before and after exercise. After the film, Dr. Van Slyke comments that 90% of heart disease is caused by three conditions: rheumatic heart disease, high blood pressure or hypertensive heart disease, and coronary thrombosis or coronary heart disease. He illustrates each condition with explanatory slides.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 September 1

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Abstract : Mr. Miller, assistant vice president of the Hawaiian Suger Planters Association, describes Hawaii's largest industry, sugar production. He shows photos of the process, from planting, cultivation, harvesting, and finally processing at the C & H Refinery in Crockett, California. A film details the work of the genetic laboratory in Hawaii that cross-breeds canes from countries around the world in order to create new hybrids that will be more resistant to disease and insect pests and produce a higher yield of sugar.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 September 8

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Abstract : Howard Owens, of Northwestern High School in Prince Georges County, MD, briefly discusses the purpose of the National Science Fair. Talented students then display and explain their Science Fair projects. Don Boyle experiments with the effects of radio waves on seed germination. Mary Catherine White reconstructs a functioning battery using Volta's methods. Gary Miggs creates a diorama based on the fossils characteristic of the Devonian Period. Jean Spencer determines the amount of black widow spider venom required to kill a white mouse. Fred Shindler researches the life cycle of the corn borer in an unsuccessful attempt to break that cycle and thus eradicate the pest.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 September 15

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Abstract : Lynn Poole describes various historical accounts of flying saucers and reads from an article in the 1893 Nature magazine about mysterious lights. Although Harvard's Dr. Donald H. Menzel was unable to appear on the program as planned, he permitted Johns Hopkins Science Review to tell his story using his photos from Life magazine. Dr. Menzel has actually seen these mysterious lights or flying saucers and attempted to recreate them in his lab. An explanation of temperature inversions shows how they can produce optical mirages by reflected sunlight, and Menzel's lab experiment reproduces this phenomenon. Lynn Poole shows viewers a home experiment to simulate the gradual bending of reflections to make them appear as mirages. A film shows another explanation of flying saucers, offered by Noel Scott, Army physicist. Believing that "flying saucers" are created in the same way as lightning and the northern lights, he simulated the atmospheric conditions in a bell jar, producing tiny "saucers" of ionized gas from charged particles sensitive to magnetic movements.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 September 29

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Abstract : Lynn Poole notes that beginning with this program, Johns Hopkins Science Review is being seen in Toronto and Montreal, Canada. He introduces the program by showing a glass spring and other pieces of scientific apparatus that cannot be manufactured but must be made to the exact specifications of the scientist for specific research. Mr. Lehman, a glassblower, reconstructs the making of this apparatus and demonstrates how he turns glass in a 1800-2100 degree fire to maintain a symmetrically-shaped bulb. He then explains how he splices 8mm tubing onto the bulb, makes a right-angle bend, and adds stopcocks to the tube. Dr. Melville explains what the apparatus is used for and demonstrates how it functions. One of its research applications is absorption of hydrogen by vegetable oil to produce shortening. The program concludes with a 1931 photo of Stanley Coach, the glassblower who assisted Allen B. Dumont by blowing the first cathode ray tube for Dumont's newly invented television.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 October 6

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Abstract : This first in a series of programs on space exploration opens with a film of a simulated trip to outer space. Dr. Strong describes how the atmosphere thins from troposphere to stratosphere to ionosphere to exosphere and what man needs to be protected from in these layers of space. Dr. James Kennedy explains the Air Force's T-1 altitude suit, which protects man's exposure to extreme altitude. Dr. Haber discusses solutions to the various problems man encounters in outer space, such as oxygen deprivation, depressurization, ultraviolet and cosmic radiation, and zero gravity and weightlessness. He concludes that outer space research can be also applied to existing high altitude flight issues.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 October 20

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Abstract : In this third in a series of programs on space exploration, Dr. Wernher Von Braun, rocket expert, explains and demonstrates a three-stage rocket and its role in the construction of a three-story space station, which will be a launch pad for trips to the moon. He shows viewers both a prototype space station model and moon rocket model and an animated version of the workings of the two.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 October 27

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Abstract : This program discusses the scientific and business uses of computers, such as calculating 1950 census data for the U. S. Bureau of Census. It also shows the assembly of UNIVAC (universal automatic computer) at the Remington Rand plant. Dr. John W. Mauchly explains and demonstrates how a computer works, including creation of the magnetic tapes that give instruction to a computer. The program concludes that no, a computer cannot think.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 November 3

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Abstract : Lynn Poole describes how soap was made with fats and potash (an alkali) in colonial times and how modern soap cakes and flakes are produced today. Dr. Snell shows a microscopic view of dirt and oil on fiber and then demonstrates how the strong surface tension of water resists mixture with oil. Water also repels carbon black, but soap draws both the soot and the oil into the water. Dr. Snell explains synthetic detergents, or syndets, compounds that overcome the shortcomings of soap, especially in hard water. A film from Cavendish Library in England shows a microscopic view of oil on a wool fiber being washed in detergent and how the soil is released. Dr. Snell points out that calcium and magnesium give hardness to water and that is why different geographical parts of the United States have hard water. The harder the water, the more soap is needed to clean because the calcium and magnesium attack the soap molecule and break it down to form a sticky curd. Fabrics repeatedly washed in hard water become dingy, dull, and smelly. In a studio experiment, two women shampoo their hair, one in hard water and one in soft water, to demonstrate the difficulty of forming a good lather in hard water. In another experiment, two other women both wash their hair in hard water, but one uses a soap solution and the other a synthetic detergent solution, which lathers better. In addition to using syndets, homeowners can use a water softening unit, like the miniature shown on this program, to improve the hardness of their water.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 November 10

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Abstract : A cartoon defines gravitational or G force as the pull of gravity, either positive or negative, as in various airplane maneuvers. Capt. Carson gives examples of radial Gs and linear Gs as measured by an accelerometer. An animation illustrates the effects of Gs on a pilot's body, restricting blood flow and ultimately resulting in unconsciousness. A film details the operation and specifications of the human centrifuge at the Naval Aviation Medical Acceleration Laboratory in Johnsville, PA, including the fact that it can go eleven times the force of gravity in one second. A human observer and subject are shown in the "shrimp boat" of the centrifuge to study the effects of Gs on airplane pilots. Riding in the centrifuge's one-man gondola, Archy Ashley, a volunteer test subject, is monitored through electrodes attached to his body recording his brain waves, pulse, heart activity, and blood pressure. He is given a physical exam before and after the simulated flight, and his physiological and psychological changes are recorded for study and applied to future aircraft design.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 November 17

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Abstract : There are 234 muscles in the human body that interpret signals from the nervous system to perform simple and complex operations. Lynn Poole briefly discusses how the voluntary or skeletal muscles work in pairs, by expanding and contracting in opposition to each other to perform at optimum efficiency. Dr. Lilienthal shows a chart of the complete "neuromuscular event": nerve impulse, neuromuscular transmission, excitation of muscle fiber, contraction (involving various processes), work, and recovery. A diagram also illustrates the contraction process. Dr. Lilienthal explains an electron microscope view of muscle fiber and how it functions as well as a model of a muscle's chemical replenishment through ATP, creatin, sugar, and oxygen. He discusses myotonia, a disease causing a slow relaxation of a muscle after a contraction, and how 2-4-D given to animals reproduces this effect for study. Salts in muscles and body fluids also must maintain a delicate balance for a muscle to function properly. Dr. Lilienthal concludes that the complexity of muscles is such that one wonders not why muscles are fatigued but why muscles contract at all.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 November 24

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Abstract : This program deals with treating hearing loss in children. Dr. Bordley explains a schematic model of the inner ear and how it functions. Of mechanical and electrical damage to the ear, the latter cannot be repaired. Dr. Hardy demonstrates instruments used to measure hearing function in a child, such as the relation between pitch and loudness, and shows audiometric graphs of hearing loss. Another machine filters sounds so that children may be diagnosed and given a proper training plan. Dr. Pauls discusses language comprehension and shows the speech/hearing level charts and photos of children who are patients at the Johns Hopkins otology clinic. A film of that clinic details the procedures for determining children's hearing levels, depending on their age. These tests include object learning; audiometer readings; and psychogalvanic skin resistance audiometry, a procedure using tones and mild shock, developed at Johns Hopkins. Training parents to work with their deaf children and early fitting of hearing aids is important in the development of children's communication skills.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 December 1

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Abstract : At the beginning of this program, Lynn Poole is the victim of a staged holdup by a robber with a gun. He then introduces Dr. Eriksen who discusses perception. Using a diagram of the retina of the eye, he points out that our ability to detect movement is relative, creating movement where there is none. Our perception is based on our nervous system and its sensitivity to optical illusions, as evidenced by several examples, and our knowledge and experience in daily life, such as determining distance using monocular cues like linear perspective. Mr. Hyman performs several magic tricks to prove that the viewer cannot always believe what he sees. He notes that youngsters are more difficult to fool than adults because the latter's prior knowledge and expectations. The program concludes with a lineup of six men, and Mr. Poole invites the viewers to determine which one was the thief they thought they saw at the start of the show.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 December 8

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Abstract : Admiral Bolster discusses the U. S. Navy's research and development programs for weapons, equipment, techniques for use, and personnel training. Dr. Hulbert describes the Naval Research Lab, established in 1923 to meet the scientific and technical needs of the navy. Its departments include chemistry, mechanics, optics, radio, metallurgy, sound nucleonics, radiation, electricity, and systems coordination. One of its specific programs is the radio telescope, shown on a film. Dr. Chapanis discusses how industrial design improves the accuracy and functionality of machines for humans. Using a mock-up of a radar indicator, he redesigns it to reduce user fatigue, allow the operator to sit or stand, facilitate readings, simplify controls, and clarify codings. Dr. Mead explains the tests featured in a film showing naval systems coordination, the integration of men and equipment and how well both perform under stress. In conclusion, Mr. Poole defines a system analyst.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 December 15

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Abstract : In this program Lynn Poole asks local alumni of national universities to introduce the scientific research occurring in their alma maters. Dr. Brownlee Corrin, a professor at Goucher College and alumnus of Stanford University, describes the campus and its electron linear accelerator. Photos show Director Edward Ginzton and the operation of this new atom smasher. Alumnus of the University of California, Dr. Richard McQuaid, tells about the university, and photos show Dr. George H. Hart and his research on cattle grazing. Carl Foster, alumnus of Indiana University, lists some of that university's famous scientists. A film documents the work being done there by Dr. Joseph C. Muhler, Dr. Harry G. Day, and Dr. William H. Nebergall on the effects of fluorides on children's teeth. Baltimore Judge Joseph Kolodny describes Boston University, and photos from that institution show staff of the Physical Research Lab demonstrating an aerial camera, which uses glass spherical negatives. Assistant dean and alumnus of New York University Dr. F. K. Teichman describes that school's programs. To research air pollution, NYU's engineering research division has constructed a smoke tunnel to observe the behavior of plant emissions based on stack speed and wind velocity and a wind tunnel to determine how building design affects smoke flume behavior. Current scientific activities at The Johns Hopkins University include diffraction gratings used in a spectroscope, research on cancer, and trace element studies, all of which will be featured on forthcoming programs. In closing, Lynn Poole announces that Brookhaven National Labs opened their cosmotron today.

Original Broadcast Date: 1952 December 29

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Abstract : Lynn Poole briefly explains Copernicus's theory and the difference between revolution and rotation. Malcolm Davies, author of A Geographic Gadgeteer and instructor at Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, proves to viewers that the earth rotates and revolves. He starts a pendulum swinging along a line in the studio, like Foucault's 1851 experiment, and returns to it at the end of the program to show that the room has rotated about 3 degrees during the half hour. During the rest of the show, he demonstrates a Trippensee planetarium, explains why water funnels in a counter-clockwise spiral in the northern hemisphere, and describes how a monkey wrench dropped into a mine shaft drifts to the east before landing because of the earth's rotation. He then explains how the earth revolves in orbit around the sun, mentioning Frederich Wilhelm Bessel's 1838 theory of stellar positions based on astronomer James Bradley's observations. Davies also simulates the approach of meteors at difference times of the day to demonstrate the earth's revolution around the sun.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 January 5

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Abstract : Lynn Poole discusses abnormally conjoined twins and shows a poster of the Biddenden Maids of England and a photo of Chang and Eng Bunker, Siamese twins. Dr. Francis Schwentker of Johns Hopkins Medical School, explains the odds of having twins, triplets, and quadruplets and the heredity factor of twinning. Two pairs of twin nurses at the Johns Hopkins Hospital exemplify the difference between identical and fraternal twins. Using charts, Dr. Schwentker explains how conjoined twins occur when the germplasm fails to cleave, and he shows examples of posterior, anterior, lateral, and cranial connections. Dr. A. Earl Walker, Director of Surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital, describes the Dec. 17, 1952 surgical separation of the Brodie twins in Chicago. Using a diagram, X-rays, and a medical model, Dr. Walker offers a general explanation of the procedure and considerations in separating these boys joined at the top of the head. The stronger twin was given the venus sinus, which they shared, and a tantalum plate was used to cover the exposed brain. Both twins were still alive at the close of this program.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 January 12

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Abstract : "Early detection" is stressed throughout this series on cancer. In this program, Dr. Warfield M. Firor shows cross sectional slides of cancerous breasts, explains the nature of the disease in female breasts, and discusses research being done in this field. He guides the viewers through a film of breast surgery as it is being performed and discusses William S. Halsted's 1890 surgical procedure. Breast cancer suvivors demonstrate their range of motion and muscle tone. For cancer recurrence, Dr. Firor recommends excision of the growth, hormone therapy, or x-ray therapy. He also addresses male cancer of the breast. The program concludes with a brief description of three cancer experiments being conducted by Johns Hopkins University researchers: John Bitner proved mother's milk transmits disease in mice, George Gey showed how cells can change from benign to malignant within a test tube, and Frances Trimball and Edward Lewison followed cancer cases ten years after surgery and found a 30% survival rate.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 January 19

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Abstract : In this second program of a three-part series on cancer, based on the book by L. Berenblum, Dr. Richard Te Linde, of the Johns Hopkins Medical School and Hospital, discusses cancer of the cervix. Dr. Te Linde notes that although three-quarters of women afflicted with this cancer die from it, it is curable if treated in its early stages. He answers commonly asked questions about the development of cervical cancer and describes typical symptoms. He cites Dr. Norman Miller's study on how the loss of time in treating cervical cancer can make a difference in curability. Dr. Te Linde draws a uterus, cervix, and vagina and shows how a speculum, biopsy forceps, and a spatula are used to detect early cases. Drs. Trout and Papanicolaou's pap smear test can reveal both normal and malignant cells from the cervix. Dr. Telinde shows several slides of cervical cancer cells in various stages of malignancy and says that at the pre-invasive stage, this cancer can be cured with either surgery (hysterectomy) or irradiation.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 January 26

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Abstract : Lynn Poole offers a definition of cancer in this third program in the series. Dr. Samuel P. Asper, Jr. describes the thyroid gland and the characteristics of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. William S. Halsted's operation is still used for surgery on the thyroid to remove a goiter or cancer, and photos exhibit both the incision and the gland. A film shows a recovered surgery patient, formerly operated on by H. William Scott of Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Radiation of the thyroid and radioactive iodine taken internally are considered treatments rather than cures. Additional films reveal Dr. George O. Gey's cancer cell labs at Johns Hopkins University, Dr. Frederik B. Bang using the electron microscope to detect cervical cancer, and the U. S. Public Health Service's National Cancer Institute's use of mice in cancer research and treatment. Mr. Poole promotes Dr. Isaac Berenblum's book, Man Against Cancer, the basis of this series, and reminds the audience once again that early detection is the key to a cure.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 February 2

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Abstract : With the courtesy and permission of the Dept. of Navy's Bureau of Ships, the Dept. of Defense, and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), this program unveils the Nautilus, an atomic submarine that can dive deeper and travel faster and further than any previous vessel. Lynn Poole describes the cramped conditions a submarine crew must endure and how they must be both physiologically and psychologically fit. Capt. Welchel, from the Office of Chief Naval Operations, describes the disadvantages of a conventional submarine: inefficient design for operating beneath water, need to surface frequently to recharge batteries, and noise of its engines. He explains how the atomic submarine overcomes these inefficiencies. Mr. Poole reads from the Dec. 1944 Wartime Atomic Project report that suggested the government should initiate and push research and studies for nuclear sources for propulsion of Naval vessels. Film footage shows President Harry Truman speaking at the keel laying of the Nautilus, which was being constructed by the Electric Boat Division of the General Dynamics Corp. Donald Lockridge, of the AEC's Reactor Division, describes the developmental problems to overcome in building the sub, such as greater zirconium production for use in the reactor and machinery development for circulation of liquid metal. He uses models to explain the reactors and the engine operation. In conclusion, Mr. Lockridge reads a statement from Gordon Dean, Chair of AEC, who gives credit to Hyman G. Rickover, father of the nuclear navy, for making this project possible.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 February 9

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Abstract : Using a skeleton, Dr. Nachlas discusses the body's skeletal system and explains how bones' rigidity protects the body's vital organs and offers attachment for muscles. He shows how a broken bone must have approximate broken edges, proper alignment of broken pieces, and immobilization of the bones in order to heal properly. Since plaster casts cannot always accomplish this, Dr. Nachlas details how bones can be splinted and immobilized internally with such metals as vitalium, tantalum, and stainless steel, which do not corrode or cause infection. He shows an x-ray of fractured leg bones held in place by long, stainless steel rods running down the marrow cavities. He also describes the correction of a difficult forearm fracture using a rod and interviews the woman who had the operation to correct this problem to prove how the metal rod strengthened and straightened her arm. Dr. Nachlas gives another example of how a fragment of bone was replicated with vitalium and embedded in the upper arm of a patient who would otherwise have had a useless "flail" arm or had the arm amputated. He also explains how a metal prosthesis is used in hip fractures and assures the audience that much research is continuing in the use of prostheses.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 February 16

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Abstract : G.K. Green, a senior physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, N.Y., discusses the cosmotron, an atom smasher made possible by the Atomic Energy Commission and operated by nine universities, including Johns Hopkins. Mr. Green first explains that carbon atoms form charcoal and diamonds and that the nucleus of carbon consists of half neutrons and half protons. He then shows a model of a ring-shaped cyclotron, a slice of the magnet and vacuum chamber within, and a film of the actual machine in operation. A Van de Graaff generator, a particle accelerator, shoots protons into the vacuum chamber of the magnet, and they build up speed with each rotation up to 4 million revolutions per second. At 180,000 miles per second, the protons collide with a target resulting in mesons, medium weight particles. Mr. Green also shows a film of a cloud chamber in which atomic particles leave vapor trails. He says the purpose of the cosmotron is to probe the center of the atom.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 February 23

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Abstract : This program originates from the ballroom of the Lord Baltimore Hotel where alumni are celebrating the 77th anniversary of the Johns Hopkins University. Lynn Poole opens the program by paying special tribute to Elmer V. McCollum, who discovered vitamins A and B, and John Lee Pratt, who donated money to establish the McCollum Pratt Institute of the University. Using a periodic table, Dr. McElroy points out the macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, sulphur, calcium, and sodium) and the micronutrients or trace elements (copper, manganese, iron, and zinc). In addition to these, animals need cobalt and iodine to thrive and plants need boron and molybdenum. Both a diagram and an animation show how a nutrient deficiency in the soil may not affect plant health but won't be passed on to humans or animals and therefore could adversely affect them (e.g., lack of iodine in the soil may result in goiter in a human). Dr. Alvin Nason then compares the physical characteristics of tomato plants grown hydroponically in solutions lacking either manganese, zinc, or iron. Likewise, Dr. McElroy demonstrates macronutrient magnesium deficiency in white mice resulting in sensitivity to sound and micronutrient manganese deficiency in chickens resulting in walking difficulty. Lynn Poole shows pictures of sheep with cobalt deficiency and notes the differences in their wool. Dr. McElroy explains that even though trace elements are needed in miniscule amounts, their function is as a biological catalyst or enzyme to enable certain biological functions to occur. He performs a chemical experiment to demonstrate how this works and points out that the luminescence in fireflies is an example of trace element functionality.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 March 2

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Abstract : Using a rocket model, Lynn Poole reviews how, as fuel is consumed, it lifts in stages and ultimately goes into free flight. He then shows a film of the rocket crew's view from space. Colonel Flickinger, Director of Human Factors of the Air Force Research and Development Command, explains selection and training of the crew for outer space. He then shows an artist's conception of a space flight simulator that will monitor the crew's vital signs under physiological stress. He discusses the importance of the crew's emotional durability and shows an artist's rendering of a sealed cabin simulator and a five-crew centrifuge. Commander Phoebus, of the Medical Corps of the U. S. Navy, explains explosive decompression and describes the differences between partial and full pressure suits, as worn by such fliers as Charles Yeager and modelled by servicemen in the studio. He also shows a navigation simulator particular to space flight and discusses how crew train to move outside the space vehicle and to bail out in ejection capsules.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 March 9

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Abstract : This 200th show reviews the five years this series has been on television. Dr. Franco Rasetti recreates one experiment from the first show, which was filmed in a Johns Hopkins classroom: the spontaneous break-up of a radioactive element as evidenced by a Geiger counter's response. Dr. Ralph Witt, of the plastics lab, shows how plastics are made and molded by replicating the same plastic resin he made on the program five years ago. He explains how glass fibers can now be woven into fabric and covered with plastic resin to make a strong laminate. Lynn Poole then pages through album photos to recall other programs: John Lehman, the university glassblower; Dr. Donald H. Andrews freezing the atom; medical artists; warnings on sunburn; "Fear," the first program (10/3/50) for the Dumont Network; Dr. Russell Morgan unveiling the x-ray fluoroscope; human engineering; Dr. Arthur Parpart demonstrating the new microscope combined with TV screen; films of the earth taken by a camera 76 miles aloft; protection of Navy servicemen in Arctic regions and Air Force high altitude flyers; Dr. Ravitch explaining the blood bank; Krilium soil conditioner; Boy Scouts and other outdoor programs; Dr. Martin Summerfield presenting three space programs; Dr. Samuel Asper presenting three cancer programs; the ENIAC computer; and a scene from "Seeing Is Not Believing." At the conclusion of the review, P. Stewart Macaulay, Johns Hopkins provost, pays tribute to the Johns Hopkins Science Review and its staff, guests, and viewers, especially Lynn Poole. Ken Carter, general manager of television station WAAM in Baltimore, presents Lynn Poole with an orthicon lamp whose shade is decorated with scenes from the show. Lynn Poole reads a few congratulatory telegrams from viewers, stations that carry the program, and other well-wishers.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 March 23

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Abstract : Lynn Poole describes a diffraction grating as having ridged scales, like a butterfly's wings, that create iridescence. The 75,000 precise ridges must be so accurately spaced that it requires a special machine to make a diffraction grating. Dr. Henry H. Rowland developed the first one in 1860, but Dr. John Strong refined this machine, the ruling engine, in 1950. Using a model of the machine, Dr. Strong explains the operation of a ruling engine, focusing on the perfect twin screws that are its vital parts. The maker of these screws, David Broadhead, of Wellsville, NY, demonstrates how one cuts one of these screws on a machine lathe. In a film, Wilbur Perry, one of the most accomplished mechanical and optical technicians in making diffraction gratings, constructs parts of the ruling engine, including the diamond used to cut the 75,000 grooves on the aluminum-coated glass. Diffraction grating is the basis of spectroscopy, separating light into various colors for analysis. Films show how diffraction gratings are used in such activities as quality control in steel production; crime detection; and determination of the chemical composition, speed, light, and direction of stars. At the conclusion of the program, Lynn Poole offers viewers a copy of a Scientific American article on the ruling engine.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 March 30

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Abstract : The transistor acts as a valve in electrical circuits to control the flow of energy and power of electricity. Dr. Raisbeck displays several of the sizes and shapes of transistors developed at Bell Laboratories and explains how they are manufactured from a crystal of germanium. The transistor can operate efficiently using a small power source, such as a simple battery or photoelectric cell; is indestructible under normal use; and does not give off heat. Transistors amplify sound and are used in radios, telephones, hearing aids, and microphones, as demonstrated by Dr. Raisbeck's portable mic. Mr. Leland Watson, president of Maico Hearing Instruments, displays examples of historical hearing devices and discusses how the hearing aid is the first commercial application of the transistor, allowing for miniaturization of the devices. He interviews Mrs. Nichols, who wears an older model hearing aid, and shows her hearing aid receivers designed as jeweled earrings and as hair combs and permits her to hear through the new "Transist-Ear" for comparison.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 April 6

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Abstract : After an introduction by Sir Roger Makins, British ambassador, British TV producer and moderator Andrew Miller Jones discusses the association between Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and Guy's Hospital in London. A film describes each of these teaching hospitals and how they have been connected through exchange of information, ideas, and faculty since 1946. Two of Johns Hopkins Hospital's recent developments are demonstrated by faculty: Dr. Francis Schwentker's humidified oxygen tent, and Dr. Russell Morgan's televised x-rays. In conclusion, Detlev W. Bronk, president of Johns Hopkins University, delivers an address on Anglo-American cooperation in the many fields of scientific research.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 April 13

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Abstract : BBC Producer Andrew Miller-Jones introduces this second exchange program produced in Baltimore and sent to Great Britain. Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Lab, sponsored by the Navy's Bureau of Ordinance, is featured. Dr. Gibson discusses cosmic rays and instruments used to do research on the effects of high altitude flying. Mr. Riblet explains how telemetering works and shows instruments used to transmit information from a distance. Mr. Miller-Jones exhibits cameras developed by Clyde T. Holiday to take photos in outer space and some of the pictures and films taken by these cameras. A chart shows the current maximum altitude of flight (nearly 80,000 feet) and the effects of altitude on pilots. A pilot tests the U. S. Air Force-developed pressure suit, and pictures show the U. S. Navy full-pressure suit.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 April 20

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Abstract : Mr. Miller-Jones introduces this program on the dangers of radioactive fallout, the third in a series of exchanges between Baltimore, Maryland's station WAAM and Great Britain's BBC. Dr. Kruse explains that current incineration of radioactive waste could be detrimental to people's health if safe gas and ash levels are exceeded. Dr. Geyer and Mr. Talboys discuss the effectiveness of laundering of radium-tainted clothing. To improve removal of radioactive materials from clothing, combinations of several variables must be considered: isotopes, fabrics (fiber, weave, treatment), detergents, concentrations, water temperatures, agitation degree, and time. Dr. Renn then examines the problems of releasing radioactive waste into sewage treatment plants. Some waste, such as radiophosphorous, is easily absorbed by bacteria in the system; others could be captured by experimental trickling filters or the aerated sludge process, but the sludge must then be disposed. Dr. Carritt follows up with research on dumping long-lived radioactive materials in the Chesapeake Bay. He draws a diagram of the water circulation pattern and notes that studying this plus the adsorptive properties of radioactive wastes helps scientists to determine what could happen.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 April 29

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Abstract : The program opens with the announcement that last week in New York City The Johns Hopkins Science Review was awarded its second George Foster Peabody Award for outstanding educational and informational programming. Lynn Poole honors the scientists currently attending the 90th annual meeting of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), presided over by Johns Hopkins University's president, Detlev Bronk. Poole describes highlights in the history of the organization, such as Congress' legalization of use of the metric system in 1866 and creation of the U.S. Forest Service in 1896, both based on recommendations of NAS. In 1916 NAS established the National Research Council, and through the efforts of its first chairman, George Ellery Hale, and Dr. Robert A. Millikan, President Woodrow Wilson requested NAS to perpetuate the Council. The remainder of the program explains and demonstrates misconceptions about scientific facts: a copper penny can not substitute for a burned out fuse; small flies are not offspring of large flies (houseflies, blow flies, and stable flies are all in their adult stages); spontaneous generation of rags into mice or horse hair into worms does not occur; people can not be hypnotized against their will; frozen body parts should not be rubbed with snow; ice does not make anything near it very cold (as an experiment with liquid nitrogen shows); water will not put out any fire (water on potassium will start a fire); oysters are also edible in months not containing "r"; mentally ill people can be cured; and mothers do not "mark" their babies before birth. Lynn Poole concludes the program by asking viewers to send him their requests for previous programs they would like repeated in June.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 May 6

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Abstract : Dr. Quig offers a brief history of fibers. In 1891 Hilaire Chardonnet developed rayon, the first man made fiber, from natural cellulose. In 1910 American Viscose Co., the first rayon plant in the United States was established, followed by Celanese Corp. of America, the first cellulose acetate fiber plant. DuPont Co. initiated research in 1927 spearheaded by Dr. Wallace H. Carothers, and neoprene synthetic rubber was the first product of its research. In 1938 the first truly synthetic fiber, nylon, was developed by creating fiber-like macromolecules or polymers. An animated film shows the process of combining adipic acid and hexanethaline diamine with water to create nylon salt. The water is evaporated until the long molecules hook up into long fibers and the filaments are extruded. Dr. Quig explains charts of the spinning process of nylon polymer and the drawing of the fiber as well as a chart of the scientists who worked on the fiber synthesis research team. Dr. Scroggie notes that the ASTM Standards for Textile Materials require fabric testing for crease resistance, stiffness, resilience, and wear. Sometimes they are combined with natural fibers to form stronger blends.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 May 13

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Abstract : This repeat of a program from two years earlier demonstrates how patients in group therapy help each other. Dr. Jerome Frank, professor of psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, explains that patients with psychoneuroses have emotional symptoms that often manifest themselves in biological symptoms. Psychotherapy helps them discover what their real problems are and how to overcome or cope with them. In group therapy, five to seven people of both genders discuss their problems. A doctor is present, listening and asking occasional questions, but he never gives advice or answers patients' questions. For this program, the staff of Hopkins' Phipps Psychiatric Clinic role play a therapy group based on disguised but actual records of patients' various issues. In this "laboratory of living," many of the patients discover that others have problems similar to theirs and therefore feel less isolated and more normal.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 May 20

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Abstract : Before the program begins, Jerome Spingarn, on the Board of the National Association for Better Radio and Television, presents to Lynn Poole the television award for Outstanding Educational Program for the second consecutive year. As an introduction to the show, Mr. Poole reads from Sir Charles Blagden's 1774 "Experiments and Observations in a Heated Room," about the dangers of overheating. Dr. Lee then describes the operation of Johns Hopkins University's Mobile Climatic Laboratory, built for the Quartermaster Corps. The lab consists of an engine room with generators, an anteroom with controls, and a climatic chamber with treadmill and other equipment. Test subjects are wired to provide data to a recorder as they exercise on a treadmill under different temperature and humidity levels. Oxygen analysis and perspiration evaporation measurements are also explained. Dr. Lee shows a film and photos of graduate students doing preliminary testing of the lab's equipment before its use in the Yuma, Arizona desert, adding the element of sun exposure to the tests.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 May 27

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Abstract : Dr. Proctor discusses examples of and reasons for hypodermic injection rather than oral administration of drugs, examines injection methods, and shows various styles and construction of syringes. He also gives a historical account of development of the hollow needle and intravenous injection by such scientists as Serturner, Pravaz, Wood, Osler, LaFarge, and Wren. Dr. Walter Dandy, professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins, shows the endemic method of applying a drug to the skin by blistering the skin. He also offers examples of and reasons for the need to administer drugs hypodermically rather than orally. Using an orange, a nurse demonstrates the method for teaching laymen how to administer an insulin injection.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 June 10

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Abstract : This program is broadcast from Friendship International Airport and the U. S. Weather Bureau Office for Maryland and Delaware and describes methods used in forecasting. Capt. Orville describes the components of a radiosonde, a radio sound box that is carried into the air by balloon and measures air temperature, barometric pressure, and humidity in the upper atmosphere. The measurements are carried back to earth by a radio transmitter in the box. Radar is used to locate and track hurricanes and tornadoes, but an early warning system only exists for hurricanes through a network of U. S. weather stations. A graph from 1946-1950 shows that loss of life was nearly eliminated thanks to this system. A film of a tornado shows its aftermath. Capt. Orville demonstrates standard observation equipment such as an air vane system, an anemometer, thermometers, and psychrometers. Lynn Poole launches a weather balloon carrying a radiosonde and announces that anyone who finds this equipment when it drops about 200-300 miles from the launching site will receive a ten dollar reward if they return it to the Johns Hopkins Science Review.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 June 24

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Abstract : Lynn Poole opens this second in a series of programs on space exploration by showing the current issue of Collier's magazine, which features an article on outer space. Dr. Clauser shows a drawing of the interior of a recently developed jet engine to explain the principle of propulsion. He and his son John then demonstrate Newton's third law of motion in theory and in practice as evidence that it can be used to propel rockets into space. Dr. Summerfield answers a rocket engineer's design questions: the speed should be over 25,000 miles per hour to escape the earth's atmosphere and at least 16,000 miles per hour to put the rocket in orbit; the propellants should be an energy efficient fuel such as hydrazine plus an oxidizer such as nitric acid (an experiment shows the spontaneous ignition of these two materials); and the payload should initially be instrumented pilotless flights to gather data and piloted later. He explains the exterior and interior of Dr. Werher Von Braun's multi-staged rocket, and an animated illustration shows how it will function.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 July 22

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Abstract : A film produced by the U. S. Navy lists some recent defense research with benefits to civilians: raising research animals in sterile conditions; discovering unknown properties of metals by super heating and super cooling; researching man's reactions to motion; studying nuclear collisions and cosmic rays as alternative sources of power; creating heat with aluminum solar reflectors; studying solar chromosphere and solar activity; and developing computers, the cyclotron, fluid dynamics, surgical techniques, etc. A film by the U. S. Air Force then shows the by-products of their research: rayon and nylon tires, fiber A weather resistant fabric, stereoscopic strip camera for mapping large areas quickly, electric blankets and space heaters, and ground control approach (GCA) used at airports. The final message is that defense research and engineering funds pay dividends by providing improvements in daily living.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 July 29

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Abstract : In this unhosted program, a U. S. Navy film illustrates the many ways photography is used to record and analyze information relating to the Navy's ongoing research, which is then passed on for civilian uses. Examples include a high speed camera to study flow characteristics, an optical chronograph to record projectiles, slow motion photography of underwater explosives, time lapse photography to observe growth of matter, medical research photography to observe dental problems and blood flow rate to the brain, x-ray camera to detect design flaws, Schlieren optical system to reveal shock waves, electron diffraction camera, macro- and microphotography, photoheliographs for photos of sunspots, and rocket spectrograms for photos in ionosphere. The program concludes with captured German film footage of failed rockets and a photo of the earth from 100 miles above.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 August 5

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Abstract : Lynn Poole explains that "microscope" is from the two Greek words "mikros," small, and "skopos," a watcher. He notes that Dutch Antony Van Leeuwenhoek and English Robert Hooke were both instrumental in the development of the microscope and that Charles A. Spencer was America's first microscope maker. Dr. Schwartz, using the RCA Vidicon (a microscope connected to a television monitor), shows slides of water specimens from ponds in New York and New Jersey. The organisms he identifies include one-celled blepharisma and stentor, which he compares to the multi-celled rotifer, the plant spirogyra, diatoms, and the beating heart of a daphnia or water flea. Dr. Schwartz also shows a replica of Van Leeuwenhoek's microscope and his drawings of bacteria, and he demonstrates how to make a slide for viewing.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 August 12

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Abstract : This film by the British Information Service explains how British scientists of the Hydrographic Dept. of the Admiralty chart the seas. Since sands and shoals shift, charts must be updated for accuracy. The echo sounder on shipboard takes depths continuously by sending out sound waves, which are reflected from the sea bottom back to the ship. This is used in conjunction with the sextant's measured angles of landmarks on shore to fix the exact position of the sounding. The triangulation procedure is explained and demonstrated on land, including the use of an astrolabe, chronometer, and chronograph true bearing of the triangulation framework. For triangulation at sea, floating beacons establish baselines, soundings are made, and chart datum of tides' heights for a lunar month is collected. Cartographers then draw charts from the collected information.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 August 19

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Abstract : The sixth grade class of Baltimore's Homewood Demonstration School had met and interviewed researchers and scientists in their labs during Johns Hopkins University summer school. To illustrate what they had learned, they produced a science program imitating Johns Hopkins Science Review. This program is a reenactment of their television play. Topics briefly covered include what the university does for you, an explanation of scientific method, hydraulics and hydrology issues and problems, an explanation of wing design, electromagnet uses, and research problems in meteorology. The students portray the roles of Mr. Poole, the researchers of Johns Hopkins University, and the jobs of producer, director, stage manager, and camera operators on this simulated show.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 August 26

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Abstract : This film provided by the British Information Service details the developmental history of marine radar. The creation of a plan position indicator (PPI), or radar output display, made shipborne radar possible. In 1946, the minimum requirements for radar equipment were established at an international meeting in London. A year later, the international standard for marine radar, built to withstand sea-going conditions, was set. This navigational aid saves time, money, and often lives. A ship entering the harbor of St. John, New Brunswick, Canada is shown using radar to navigate in the fog.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 September 2

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Abstract : A film by the Polaroid Corp. explains how polarization works to control glare by changing the direction of radiating light beams. Before 1935 polarization had no use outside of labs until Edwin H. Land invented synthetic polarizing material. Examples of crossed polarizers include use in automobile windshields and headlights, in polariscopes to discover structural weaknesses in industrial designs, in polarizing filters to improve photography quality, and in polarized sunglasses to absorb glare and allow useful light to pass through. Lynn Poole explains how polarization works in 3-D movies. Research assistant Sinton discusses the industrial uses of polarized light: nicol prisms reveal distinct patterns in gemstones under a polarizing microscope; gun sights use polarization for the target pattern; polar navigation requires a polarizing compass, developed by Johns Hopkins University; and optical glass (the program stops abruptly before discussion of this product).

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 September 9

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Abstract : Lynn Poole demonstrates a Holmes stereoscope, a 3-D device created by Oliver Wendell Holmes, for stereo-vision of photographs. He also mentions that optics, color, and polarization all contributed to William Friese-Green making the first anaglyphic 3-D motion picture in 1889. Dr. Andrews explains that stereovision or 3-D is the natural way that we see nature since we see two images, one with each eye, that are processed into one image in the brain. When we look at pictures we coordinate the image with what we see in real life, so perspective conveys a sense of depth in flat drawings. Stereo-vision involves physical optics, neurophysiology, and geometry and is necessary for physical coordination. Dr. Andrews describes how 3-D photos can be made at home to simulate this effect and shows examples of 3-D cameras. Non-entertainment uses of stereo-vision include aerial photography, x-rays, microscopes, eye therapy, and vision tests. Mr. Haines, with DuMont television, briefly discusses applications of 3-D television systems in science and industry and their current incompatibilities. In closing, Mr. Poole encourages viewers to attempt 3-D TV using a hand mirror and a newspaper.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 September 23

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Abstract : Lynn Poole displays and discusses various symbols including the skull & crossbones, horseshoe, swastika, barber pole, cigar store Indian, mortar & pestle, and chevron. Words can be symbols also, and some languages, such as Latin, have been understood around the world for ages. A film clip depicts how, for example, the standard gauge of a railroad was based on the width of Roman wagon ruts. John Hopkins University's Dr. Henry Rowell explains the historical, religious, educational, and scientific expansion of Latin as the lingua franca. A film compares Indian and Formosan scientists who are both able to study crop production and avoid confusion and increase collaboration by using the Latin terms for plants (such as Zea mays for corn) and animals thanks to Carolus Linnaeus, the father of taxonomy. His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is explained by tracing a dog through the tree of life: animal, chordata, mammalia, carnivora, canidae, canis familiarus. The film continues with the history of numbers and how Simon Stevin's 1608 book DISME set the stage for the metric system, also allowing scientists of different countries to use weights and measures that are standardized and accurate.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 September 30

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Abstract : Dr. Donald F. Proctor discusses the uses of gases, barbituates, and local anesthetics, the apparatus used in administering anesthetics, and optional methods of anesthetizing. He also points out that the job of the anesthesiologist is to alleviate fear and discomfort in patients. Before the mid-19th century patients dreaded the anticipation of surgery and the intense pain that was surely to come. In 1846 ether was used for painless tooth extraction and a surgical procedure. Other gases used include chloroform, nitrous oxide, ethylene, cyclopropane, ethyl chloride, vinethene, trichloroethylene, and xenon. These gases affect only the nerve center in the brain and not the rest of the body are are temporary or transient in nature. Intravenous barbiturates can also be administered and have the benefit of reducing nausea upon awakening. The program follows a patient through a five-hour surgical operation at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, focusing on the work of the anesthetist.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 October 7

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Abstract : Dr. Walker uses a diagram to explain spontaneous seizures and a model to illustrate the extent of the malady. Stresses causing the brain to become unstable include heart and kidney diseases, pancreas tumors, fevers, and brain injuries; however, 50% of convulsive seizures or epileptic fits have unknown causes. Dr. Walker describes the characteristics of petit mal and grand mal attacks as well as Jacksonian and psychomotor seizures. He interviews Mr. Herbert, a former patient who had suffered convulsive attacks resulting from a war wound in 1945 but had found relief from brain surgery. Others are helped by medications such as phenobarbital, dilantin, tridione, or newer drugs. By stimulating different areas of the brain, epilepsy can be reproduced in monkeys, as shown in a film, for study of the disease and development of treatment methods.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 October 14

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Abstract : This program is broadcast from the Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore, MD. Dr. Thompson shows models of tools created from drawings in Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks: an odometer for measuring distance, the jack for lifting heavy objects, a the pile driver, and a spring-run automobile precursor. Lacking advanced mathematics and science knowledge, Leonardo substituted his remarkable intuition and inventive genius to make many scientific discoveries including gears, cutting tools, lathes, bridge trusses, clocks, and hydraulic sawmills, discussed by Dr. Ayre. Excerpts from the film Leonardo da Vinci from Pictura Films Corporation show Leonardo's paintings, such as the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper, as well as studies from his Codex Atlanticus, including models of flying machines, catapults, cannons, guns, and tanks. Mr. Poole concludes the program by showing a model of Leondardo's early projector, lens grinder, and reflection apparatus.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 October 21

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Abstract : Dr. Marshall defines sleep as a complete cessation of movement and a depression in sensitivity to stimulation. It is initiated by internal rather than external conditions. A person who is asleep is able to be aroused. A film shows some of the information that is known about sleep. Dr. Marshall describes methods of measuring the six levels of sleep, from deep sleep to drowsiness. Electroencephalography can show the effects and patterns of sleep. Physiologists, psychologists, epileptologists, and the Armed Forces are continuing research in sleep and the lack of sleep.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 October 28

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Abstract : Lynn Poole welcomes station WFIE-TV in Dayton, Ohio, where Paul Kane, former Science Review Director, is the new station's manager. Then, using a diagram, Dr. Firor explains that sutures are necessary when a wound is deep and tissues cannot be brought together with a Band-Aid. A film illustrates the healing process in a microscopic view of white blood cells carrying out phagocytosis, destruction of bacteria. Dr. Firor then summarizes the history of wound closure techniques, from the Edwin Smith papyrus detailing the Egyptians' procedures in 1600 BC to the introduction of gold thread by Fabricius in 1550 to South American Indians' use of soldier ants' bites to clamp wounds closed. A film dramatizes late nineteenth century improvements on Lister's methods of surgical cleanliness and the use of violin strings and cat gut as sutures. Dr. Firor shows current commercially made sutures of nylon, linen, silk, and stainless steel wire and the needles used with them. He explains that sutures fall into two categories: those that dissolve, if infection is anticipated, and those that do not. He then demonstrates suture stitching, including the purse string suture (a circular stitch to invert skin)and the buried suture. Lastly, Dr. Firor debunks the misconceptions about sutures and their removal.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 November 4

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Abstract : Dr. Shaw defines fear as a strong desire to escape from perceived danger to which the autonomic nervous system responds. As an example of one way to measure the extent of the fear response, Dr. Shaw shows a film of Dr. Charles Eriksen throwing a live snake at a woman to record her galvanic skin response and heart rate. Dr. Eriksen later demonstrates that familiarity and experience can be used to overcome a fear. Dr. Shaw describes the difference between fear and caution and explains that fears are more likely to become pathological than other emotions. Phobias are irrational fears associated with specific objects, usually associated with an intense or unusual experience in childhood. Examples of typical phobias include acrophobia, claustrophobia, xylophobia, dromophobia, agoraphobia, monophobia, zoophobia, ailurophobia, topophobia, and myctophobia. In an experiment to learn if a person could be conditioned to fear, J. B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner taught a child to fear a harmless object.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 November 18

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Abstract : Dr. H. Lowell Olsen, one of the team of scientists from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, briefly discusses the history of fire. He explains the zones and structure of a candle's flame and uses the Schlieren system of photography to detect the density gradients in the rising gas. Capt. E. L. Gayhart discusses the study of early spark-ignited flames, and he diagrams the operation of the Schlieren system. Mr. Robert Edmondson shows three films of a flame's development in a stream of combustible gas taken at 100,000, 20 million, and 200 million frames per second.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 November 25

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Abstract : A brief film shows the function of the human hand, wrist, and critical apposable thumb. An abstract film (by Luke Films, courtesy of the Italian Embassy) suggests that the reason for the shape of the human body and the economical structure of the bones is to provide the greatest results with the least energy. Johns Hopkins orthopedic surgeon Jesse Borden discusses the complicated structure and rotation of the human wrists, forearms, and shoulders. A concluding film presents a child's development of hand skills.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 December 2

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Abstract : This program opens with a visual of the sound waves of Lynn Poole's voice as they appear on an oscilloscope. A brief film shows some of the glass tools that are basic to scientific research. Frank Witt, a Johns Hopkins University graduate student in electrical engineering, then explains the design and function of a cathode ray oscilloscope. He shows how to solve a simple electrical problem using this oscilloscope and comments that its applications make it one of science's most versatile tools. Chemistry graduate student Bernard Blaustein discusses the process, history, applications, and importance of distillation. He also explains equipment used to separate liquid from a dye using distillation. After a brief film on the history of microscopes, biology professor Vincent Dethier explains the parts of a microscope and their functions. He then offers a microscopic view of both a butterfly's wing and a snow flea. At the conclusion of the show, Lynn Poole asks viewers to send him what they consider to be the greatest achievement in science in 1953.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 December 9

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Abstract : In a dramatization of a child's visit to a toy store, Mr. Poole and the storekeeper explain how certain toys work. For example, wind-up cars exhibit potential energy while other cars rely on friction or inertia. The angular momentum of the gyroscope toy is the same principle used in ships and airplanes. The dunking bird toy functions because of the methyl chloride within. Electric trains and steam engines are explained in relation to Sir Isaac Newton's Third Law of Motion. Musical toys, kaleidoscopes, Slinkies, and toy helicopters all have a scientific basis.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 December 16

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Abstract : Dr. Paul Hessemer considers the possibilities of the star of Bethlehem seen by the three Wise Men at the birth of Christ: comet, nova, meteor, or conjunction of planets. With illustrations and charts, he explains planetary orbits and demonstrates how the "star" most likely was a triple conjunction of planets on that date.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 December 23

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Abstract : Under supervision of physics teacher Malcolm Davies, students from the Rocket Club of the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute demonstrate the thrust of a CO2 cylinder on a student-built dynamometer. Student (Harry) Lloyd LeCompte then uses the CO2 capsule to propel a rocket on a horizontal wire. Student Julian Palmore compares zinc, sulfur, and a mixture of the two as alternate rocket propellants and explains a diagram of a student-built rocket. Student Harvey Kasinoff explains the laws of uniform acceleration as a rocket rises and falls. Film clips and photos document the actual launch the students' rocket project. Mr. Davies exhibits two related books on the subject: Tomorrow's Air Age by Holmes Alexander and Your Trip in Space by Lynn Poole.

Original Broadcast Date: 1953 December 30

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Abstract : Lynn Poole summarizes numerous scientific advancements in 1953 then shows films or photos of some of the more interesting ones: Major Charles "Chuck" Yeager's flight at 1650 MPH, more than twice the speed of sound, in the Bell X-1A; the exposition of Charles Dawson's Piltdown man as a hoax; Vaclav Hlavaty's solution to Einstein's unified field theory; Walter Baade's and Rudolph Minkowski's identification of the galactic counterpart of the radio source Cygnus A and evidence that the universe is more than 4 billion years old; identification of pure polio viruses under an electron microscope at University of California; a coelacanth with primitive features from prehistoric times found and preserved; setting of a new deep sea diving record by August Picard and son Jacques in their bathyscaphe; an aquascope developed for taking the first color films of marine life in the Chesapeake Bay; Jacques Cousteau's expedition to recover a Greek shipwreck from 230 BC; and peacetime benefits of atomic energy.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 January 6

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Abstract : Lynn Poole displays a nurse's cap designed by Florence Nightingale as a prelude to the premier of a film on nursing education and training produced by the Maryland Society for Medical Research. Non-speaking guests invited to the studio for the film's showing include Dr. D. C. Smith, of the Maryland Society for Medical Research; Mrs. George H. Yeager, Mrs. Edwin Stewart, and Mrs. Thomas Webster, of the Women's Auxiliary to the Baltimore City Medical Society; Ruth Mowbry, of the Maryland State Nursing Association; Dr. Walter Graham, of the Medical Research Organization, and nurses from numerous local hospitals. Before the film is run, nurse Elizabeth Singleton briefly discusses different nursing programs that are available. The film, available for loan or purchase, shows what to expect and what is studied, both theory and practice, in nursing school: uses of equipment, functions of drugs, importance of sterile technique, care of newborn infants, proper nutrition, x-ray technology, and emergency measures.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 January 13

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Abstract : Plastic surgeon Milton Edgerton outlines the origin of plastic surgery beginning with the Hindus, who were famous for reconstruction of missing noses in what has been termed the Indian method. In the 15th century, the Branca family developed techniques for other facial reconstruction, called the Italian method, shown in diagrams. Gaspare Tagliacozzi, the true father of plastic surgery, wrote a textbook on the subject in the 16th century. Carl von Graefe was the first to use the term "plastic" in his 1818 work Rinoplastik. Johns Hopkins University's Dr. John Staige Davis published the first American textbook on plastic surgery and established the first formal training program in the specialty. In discussing modern plastic surgery, Dr. Edgerton notes that it is not necessarily centered on the face or visible external features. Common uses of plastic surgery are to correct congenital deformities, such as cleft palette; burns; disease, such as cancer; and disfigurement from war or high speed accidents. Cosmetic or aesthetic plastic surgery is considered lastly. Dr. Edgerton discusses skin grafting and shows the dermatome used to remove skin for plastic surgery. He also explains how to find a reputable plastic surgeon and briefly comments on research in skin transplanting at Johns Hopkins.>

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 January 20

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Abstract : Dr. Cuthbert C. Hurd of IBM describes how the 701 computer can solve a complex physics problem as well as translate Russian to English in a fraction of the time a person could perform these tasks. On film from General Electric Labs in New York, Ted Baum explains the development, design features, operation, and uses of the mechanical arm as it is demonstrated.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 January 27

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Abstract : Dr. Francis Schwentker says that prematurity is generally defined as a birth weight of less than 5.5 pounds; however, immaturity of a baby's organs is more significant than prematurity. A film documents the public procedures in place for rescuing a baby born prematurely at home. Dr. Harry Gordon shows what staff do when a baby is admitted to the premature nursery: suction airways, supply oxygen, transfer to incubators with lesser oxygen concentration, administer moist heat, and monitor for infections. Head of pediatric nursing services Frances Abernathy discusses maintaining a constant temperature for the infant and feeding premature babies by polyethylene tube, gavage, or medicine dropper until bottle feeding is possible. A film shows the progress of a premature infant over a few weeks. Dr. Gordon raises the question of the cost justifying the results of caring for premature babies and concludes that both long-term development research and actual evidence, such as his teenage son and other thriving children born as small as two pounds, prove the worth.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 February 3

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Abstract : Lynn Poole points out that 1953 was the seventh consecutive record birth year in the United States. A film then follows Deborah Lynn Coleman through the first 24 hours after her birth. The nurse clears Deborah's air passages, supplies oxygen, puts penicillin ointment in her eyes, and attaches an anklet with her mother's name. The obstetrician then examines her, removes the umbilical cord, and checks her body size and weight. A pediatrician examines her, and she is given her first feeding of sugar water and is burped. Interspersed with Deborah's debut are filmed asides on planning for increased housing, schools, transportation, and food production to support this baby boom and improve their standard of living. At the conclusion of the program, Lynn Poole introduces now two-month old Deborah, and interviews her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Coleman, and her sister Trudy.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 February 10

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Abstract : Lynn Poole distinguishes between weighing and other forms of measurement and comments that the Latin word for balance is "bi-lancis," meaning two dishes, as in the two pan level beam instrument. He shows sketches of other early balances, including the Egyptian first class lever and the Roman steelyard, both still in use today. Other types of scales and the kilogram weight kept by the Bureau of National Standards are shown. Johns Hopkins University chemistry professor Alsoph H. Corwin exhibits the highly precise balance he developed to measure very small samples of rare substances for microchemical manipulations. His assistant, Joseph Walter, demonstrates how magnetism, heat, vibration, and static can interfere with accurate measurements, and Dr. Corwin explains how his balance avoids all of these interferences. Dr. Corwin describes the parts of the balance, including the boron carbide knife edge bearings, and explains its operation. The studio camera also shows what operators of Corwin's balance see to discover the equilibrium point.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 February 17

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Abstract : Johns Hopkins professor of civil engineering Walter Boyer tells the viewers that concrete is composed of cement, water, sand, and aggregate or coarse gravel in proper proportions. He notes that "Portland" is not a trade name for cement but rather a standard cement powder formula named by an English bricklayer in 1824 for the isle of Portland. The Romans used concrete, made from Mt. Vesuvius's volcanic rock and sand, to construct many of their famous buildings. Mixing concrete is compared to following a recipe since measurement is critical. Furthermore, the chemistry of concrete is such that it requires moisture for 7-10 days to properly harden. Dr. Boyer enumerates the versatility of concrete and shows how pre-casting concrete in precise forms speeds up construction. He then discusses concrete use in bridge building. Because concrete is strong in compression but relatively weak in tensile strength, reinforced concrete with embedded steel was developed in 1850, and pre-stressed concrete, held in a permanent squeeze with steel wires and bars, is now used. He demonstrates pre-stressed concrete's elasticity with a bridge model and points to the Walnut Lane Bridge in Philadelphia, PA as an example of concrete structure. In conclusion, Dr. Boyer compares the weight bearing ability of concrete beams made of pre-stressed, reinforced, and plain concrete, and he lists the uses, applications, and economy of concrete.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 February 24

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Abstract : This program focuses on recent scientific achievements of four U. S. universities. At Indiana University, Vaclav Hlavaty solved the differential equations of unified gravitational and electromagnetic field thus providing proof for Einstein's unified field theory. Erwin Schrodinger and Karl Schwarzschild, pioneers in this research, are also discussed. From the New York University, Dr. Serge A. Korff directed a study of the effects of cosmic radiation from a high altitude observatory built on Mt. Wrangell in Alaska. His plane pilot was Dr. Terris Moore, president of the University of Alaska. University of Pittsburgh's Dr. Buchsbaum, professor of zoology, worked with colleagues to research how cells bathed in a nutrient fluid react to drugs and disease. A film shows these cell reactions under a phase-contrast microscope. Under the direction of Henry J. Gomberg, William Kerr, assistant director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Project and assistant professor of electrical engineering at the University of Michigan, investigated peaceful uses of atomic energy. They have developed a beta-ray microscope that uses radioactive isotopes as tracers, allowing them to see how atoms are distributed in alloys and tracing the path of carbon in plants.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 March 3

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Abstract : Lynn Poole gives the statistics of U.S. graduates in science and predicts the numbers through 1961, noting that a growing supply of competent scientists is critical. He discusses "juvenile delinquents" and suggests that a constructive way to guide them is through the Science Talent Search. In order to qualify, student contestants must submit answers to an examination measuring their science aptitude, a record of their grades, personal data by their teachers, and a 1,000-word project report. In the thirteenth annual Talent Search for Westinghouse Science Scholarships, 32 boys and 8 girls throughout the United States received a trip to Washington, D.C. to compete for final scholarships. Photos show some finalists during their trip visiting such scientific sites as the Bureau of Standards, the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, the National Institutes of Health, and the Naval Ordnance Lab. In the studio, $400 scholarship winners Mary Jeanne Kreek, of Woodrow Wilson High School in Washington, D.C., explains her project on allergies, and Victor A. Schmidt, of Milford Mill High School in Baltimore County, demonstrates his planetarium project. The program concludes with photos of a random selection of the other forty winners and their projects.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 March 17

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Abstract : Lynn Poole explains the etymology of entomology, the study or science of insects and displays pamphlets produced by the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. David Hall, from the Agriculture Research Service, discusses the diversity of color, size, activity, and scope of insect species, which make up about three-quarters of the world's non-human species. He notes that beneficial insects offset the enemy insects; however, the latter can wreak havoc. Mr. Poole mentions Sir William Osler's malaria research linking the disease to mosquitoes and current prevention efforts for this and other mosquito-related problems. Mr. Hall explains how houseflies breed and how our health depends on controlling them, but he singles out grasshoppers as being particularly destructive. A film documents grasshoppers' reproduction and their natural enemies. Other destructive insects are clothes moths, silverfish, termites, and tree-killing insects. Means to control insect damage include insecticides, such as DDT, presumed safe and effective in small doses and when properly applied; quarantine warfare, to prevent further immigration of insects such as corn borer, boll weevil, and Japanese beetle; and environmental controls, such as alternate planting schedules. Insect control research continues with development of products such as systemic insecticides.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 March 24

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Abstract : This program deals with electroencephalography, recording impulses from the brain. Dr. Walker explains the parts of the brain and a diagram of nerve cells discharging impulses. Lights on a model of a human head indicate brain activity under differing conditions. Dr. Marshall demonstrates how eighteen electrodes are attached to the scalp to record brain waves during an EEG (electroencephalogram) and notes that this is simply a diagnostic tool. He explains the EEG machine and shows the graph produced by the output of its amplifiers. Dr. Marshall then explains what constitutes a normal brain wave based on comparing the voltage and rhythm of a large sampling of medically normal people. Dr. Walker compares several EEG records with differing patterns, and Dr. Marshall explains the significance of the differences, including one lengthy EEG from a patient having an epileptic seizure.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 March 31

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Abstract : By viewers' request, this program repeats the March 10, 1954 episode. It reveals an x-ray of a beating heart and its sounds from a stethoscope. Dr. Russell H. Morgan uses a model to describe the construction and function of the heart and its arteries, veins, and chambers. An animation shows the flow of blood through the heart. In a filmed sequence, a patient is injected with uricon so that a slow-motion x-ray view of his blood can be seen passing through his heart and lungs. At the conclusion of this program, Dr. Morgan states that scientists have a responsibility to convey their new discoveries expediently to the public in simple, understandable ways in order to avoid distrust and fear of science.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 April 7

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Abstract : A film produced by the U. S. Air Force's Air Research and Development Command in conjunction with the Atomic Energy Commission depicts the testing ground in Nevada where 20 bombs (14 aerial) were exploded in the last two years. Major General John S. Mills commands the Air Force at the site. During atmospheric nuclear tests, aircraft track the atomic cloud, survey blasted acres with radiation counters, and gather samples from within the atomic cloud. Tests are conducted on the effects of the atomic blast on aircraft and on flash blindness in man. The film follows the preparation and launching of an A-bomb, emphasizing the precision of the bomb drop. A second film by the Civil Aeronautics Commission shows research being conducted on the effects on man of bailouts from jet aircraft and of explosive decompression. Wind tunnel tests reveal the stresses on a subject under differing angles and velocities, in varying positions, and clothed and unclothed. Data in these studies is applied to situations where high wind is an issue. Lynn Poole concludes the program asking the viewers if they would like to see programs on the uses of atomic energy for peace.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 April 14

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Abstract : In a dramatization, a mother and daughter in their kitchen react to an assortment of food and health-related superstitions they believe while the announcer explains the basis and origin of many of them, such as eggshell color as indicator of nutrient, ailments from aluminum, hiccups remedies, sneeze superstitions, and other food misconceptions. Lynn Poole adds to the list: the beneficial properties of coffee and tea, smoking to ward off disease, night-borne illnesses, the evil eye. Superstitions surrounding medical treatment, such as treating wounds with "sympathy powder," is also addressed.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 April 21

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Abstract : In anticipation of the forthcoming total eclipse of the sun on June 30, 1954, Lynn Poole explains a schematic model of the planets' orbits around the sun and primitive peoples' reactions to a solar eclipse. He also briefly describes the layers of the earth's atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere, ionosphere, and exosphere. Film clips from the National Geographic Society document its expedition to Brazil, in conjunction with the Army Air Force, to witness the May 20, 1947 total solar eclipse. Led by Dr. Lyman J. Briggs, the expedition included other notable scientists from institutions around the world, such as Rev. Francis Hayden, Director of the Georgetown University Observatory. Photography of the eclipse, taken by National Geographic's Richard H. Stewart, shows ambient lighting changes and the sun's corona at the height of the eclipse. A drawing and a model show how the moon obscures the light of the sun, and an animated graph shows the radiant heat curve before, during, and after an eclipse. Mr. Poole concludes the program with details about when and where to view the coming solar eclipse.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 April 29

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Abstract : Lynn Poole announces that on July 1, 1954, Mars will be closer to the earth than in the past 15 years. He then explains the words Mars, March, and Tuesday originated from Mars, the Roman god of war, and the days of the week were the seven wanderers (or planets in Greek) in the sky. He describes the location of Mars and compares its relative size and distance from other planets using a football field model and the length of an imaginary plane flight. Telescopic views of Mars are unclear and photographs are difficult to make; however, polar caps have been seen and their changing size suggests seasons on the planet. The Dutch astronomer Christian Huyghens sketched Mars with continents and oceans, but his view has been disproved. In 1877 Italian astronomer Schiaparelli noted lines, which he called "canali" or canals, on the surface of Mars. So far oxygen has been undetected on the planet, but a life form such as lichen, a fungus and algae combination, might be possible there. In 1953 the International Mars Committee was organized to coordinate continuous surveillance of Mars during 1954. Dr. John Strong, Director of the Johns Hopkins Lab of Astrophysics and Physical Meteorology, is a member of that committee. He explains that areography is Greek for the study of Mars, and he shows a map of the cooperating institutions and participating observatories. The goals of the committee are to determine the planet's deviation from spherical shape, its core, formation, and weather. Mr. Poole encourages amateur astronomers to use telescopes, small home-use planetaria, and guides to the stars to learn more about the orange planet and other heavenly bodies.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 May 6

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Abstract : This program originates from station WDTV in Pittsburgh, PA., and begins with a visual history of glass beginning with obsidian, natural glass. Lynn Poole shows the ingredients of glass: silica, soda, and lime. Dr. T. Harrison Davies, of the Mellon Institute, discusses the states of matter, focusing on solids. He then explains the random structure of glass and why lenses are made from this substance. Using a petrographic microscope, Dr. Davies shows three samples of glass fibers under both ordinary and polarized light. He notes that because the density of glass varies with temperature and within the same piece of glass, it breaks under pressure. He hammers squares of regular and tempered glass to show the difference in their shattering. Dr. Davies also demonstrates the chemical resistivity of glass and explains that because glass is a versatile solvent, it can be used to make such products as goggles for glassblowers. Also silver salt can be dissolved in glass to develop an inexpensive and wearable radiation meter.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 May 13

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Abstract : A U. S. Forest Service film shows a forest's natural enemies: fire and destructive insects such as the spruce bark beetle. Mr. Mann further elaborates on the natural enemies of wood by including fungi, insects such as termites, and marine borers such as gribbles, and displays examples of damage done by each. He says that for wood preservatives to be useful, they must be poisonous to destructive organisms but not to humans or animals, permanent, non-corrosive, and inexpensive. He then discusses the chemicals in the creosote, oil-borne, and water-borne preservatives. Mr. Warnes compares the strength and fire retardation of treated and untreated wood and explains why treated wood is non-combustible. He further demonstrates a cylinder that pressure treats wood with preservative and notes that the primary markets for such wood are railroad crossties, poles, and crossarms; fenceposts and other farm-related uses; and housing. An industry film shows the detailed process of pressure creosoting large quantities of wood, including experimental research on pressure creosoted wood, which preserves wood against decay for thirty years. In closing, Dr. Boyer mentions a new study by the Oregon State Forest Dept. to feed beetles radioactive isotopes in order to trace them and determine methods to control them.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 May 20

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Abstract : In this program, the history, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tuberculosis, or the "white plague," are discussed. Teamwork between the radiologist, x-ray technicians, and other doctors is stressed. Dr. David M. Gould shows examples of both healthy and diseased lungs on an x-ray and explains that TB can be treated by collapsing the diseased lung, removing some ribs, or prescribing streptomycin. A recovered TB patient is introduced, and viewers are encouraged to request pamphlets provided by the National TB Association.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 June 3

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Abstract : Mr. Contini briefly explains both a film about photosynthesis and a pictorial history of solar energy, including Hero's solar devices in Egypt, Frank Schuman's 1910 solar pump for irrigation, C. G. Abbott's solar flash boilers, and Felix Trombe's solar ovens for industrial uses. Dr. Telkes shows photos of a solar-heated house in Massachusetts and explains a diagram of its operation and a graph of its chemical storage method. She refers to recent books on energy sources of the future by Palmer C. Putnam and Eugene Ayres. Dr. Telkes displays the experimental solar oven she has designed for primitive civilizations in the tropics, and a film shows the oven's success in baking rolls. Solar stills are useful for desalination of salt water, according to Dr. Telkes. She refers to a large one built by Charles Wilson in Chile and demonstrates a still's use with a simple model. She notes that the U. S. Dept. of Interior's saline water program's goal is to convert arid lands through solar still irrigation. Mr. Contini concludes that research must be done now in uses of solar power. The 1952 Resources for Freedom report's last chapter is devoted to solar energy and urges the U. S. to build 13 million solar-heated homes by the mid-1970s.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 June 10

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Abstract : Brown University professors Montagna and Chase explain how the skin is a human organ forming a dead covering over the body and compare it to the outer covers of a live pheasant and a mouse. Skin's measurement is about 2.5 square yards and its weight 15-20 pounds. Dr. Montagna demonstrates the thickness of skin in human palms and soles by pricking a callus with a needle. The professors show a microscopic view of human skin and discuss each of skin's layers in a labelled cross-section diagram: epidermis, dermis, and adipose or fat layer. They also give the facts about hair growth and dispel the myths about it. Hairless mice of varying ages reveal how elasticity of skin changes. Lastly, the professors address the sweat and sebaceous or oil glands of the skin and show a diagram of how acne develops.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 July 1

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Abstract : A film by Monsanto Co. dramatizes the development of curious boys into American chemists who learn to duplicate, preserve, extend, and replace natural resources. The serendipity of chemistry is exemplified in the story of how one lab team's search for a better shower curtain resulted in development of a liquid suitable as a fire resistant hydraulic fluid, "skydrol." The film also includes a visit to a phosphorous plant and a description of making phosphates; the creation of vinyl butyral for safety glass in the automobile industry; the manufacture of vanillin from sulfite liquor, a wood pulp mill waste product; and a demonstration of Krilium soil conditioner. The film notes that since World War I, chemistry has been responsible for antibiotics, synthetic fibers, plastics, and synthetic rubber.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 July 8

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Abstract : A film shows scenes of water recreation and sporting activities such as fishing, boating, walking in waterfront parks, and swimming. The film notes that infections and drowning are the primary dangers of swimming and that with the growth of safe pool facilities with lifeguards, swimmers can learn proper swimming techniques. Lynn Poole pays tribute to the YMCA, pioneers in teaching swimming and water safety. Lou Martin, Baltimore YMCA's aquatic director, explains and demonstrates the Holger-Nielsen (arm lift, back pressure) manual method of artificial respiration. The equipment used in the mechanical method is then demonstrated by Martin McMann of the Baltimore City police.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 July 15

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Abstract : In this unhosted program, a film by the British Information Service traces the remains of graves, temples, houses, tools and other possessions of prehistoric civilizations in the United Kingdom. During the Old Stone Age, men hunted wild animals with crudely made tools and lived in caves. When the ice receded in the New Stone Age, the environment and geography of Great Britain was much changed, and men became farmers. Archaeologists interpret this history based on findings at such sites as the Windmill Hill settlement in the U. K., which has yielded the earliest examples of British pottery. Scenes from Skara Brae in the Orkney Islands show the extensive remains of this prehistoric village preserved by blowing sand dunes. And Belas Knap burial mound near Cheltenham reveals the stone chambers and tombs of that period. This two-part program concludes with the Bronze Age, when men learned to produce metals and create more uniform tools, such as a cast ax head.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 July 22

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Abstract : This unhosted program, the second part of a film by the British Information Service, considers modern archaeology in tracing former civilizations of the United Kingdom. During the Bronze Age, man discovered how to smelt metal and mold it into tools and weapons. Knowledge of metalwork spread from the continent to the British Isles by Bronze Age invaders, who came to be known as the "round barrow folk" because of the shape of their burial mounds. They were also known as the "beaker folk" because of the decorated pottery drinking vessels found buried with them. Many of their temples of upright stones are still standing, like the ones shown in Avebury and Stonehenge, and reveal the importance of religion and magic to Bronze Age peoples. Next the Celts executed a series invasions on Britain, using wheeled vehicles and iron weapons. The Celts were warrior aristocracy and skilled artists, as evidenced by such remaining works as the White Horse of Uffington carved into the turf on the chalk downs. These Iron Age tribes built forts on hilltops, such as Trer Ceiri, in northern Wales, a fortress with stone ramparts and a fortified village. The Scottish fortresses or watchtowers were known as "brochs." Maiden Castle in Dorset, England, is shown as one of the finest examples of an Iron Age hillfort in the United Kingdom. During this time the peaceful farming life of the country was growing. A reconstruction shows a typical farmhouse made of wattle and mud over a wooden framework and the details of a farm family's life, including its utensils, farmyard activities, and outbuildings. Many prehistoric tools, such as the hoe, are still in use today.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 July 29

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Abstract : Dr. Strieby, of American Telephone and Telegraph Co., demonstrates Bell Labs' recent invention of a solar battery, capable of producing sufficient electric voltage from any light source to operate a telephone. However, most telephone services have large power plants and storage batteries, which function when no light is available, so there is no reason to substitute a solar battery. Dr. Strieby next demonstrates a "personalized telephone" prototype ("like Dick Tracey's"), which functions like a mini-FM broadcasting station using transistors activated by a solar battery. This is only experimental and short-range because of the length of antenna required to transmit beyond a few hundred feet. Dr. Strieby then explains how a solar battery is built, using silicon from DuPont that is purified through a diagrammed process. Ultimately, with the addition of arsenic and boron gas, the thin sheets of silicon create a positive/negative juncture that allows light to become electricity.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 August 5

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Abstract : Lynn Poole announces that the current issue of TV Stage has an article about "The Johns Hopkins Science Review." A film by the U.S. Dept. of Interior then shows the historical use of the Colorado River. In the late 1800s, Thomas Blythe acquired 40,000 acres in Palo Verde Valley, California and filed the first water rights to the river. In 1867 Jack Swilling built the first irrigation canals in Arizona. By diverting water from the river to land, the southwest began to thrive. However, floods, such as the one that created Salton Sea in 1905, alternating with droughts required a plan to stabilize the flow of the Colorado. Arthur Powell Davis, Director of the U. S. Reclamation Service, proposed a dam, and the Boulder Canyon Project Act was passed in 1928. In 1931 dam construction was begun in Black Canyon, and Hoover Dam (called Boulder Dam from 1933-1946) was completed in 1936, two years ahead of schedule. The resulting Lake Mead, named in honor of U. S. Reclamation Commissioner Dr. Elwood Mead, extends over 100 miles upstream, can hold 2 years of flow from the Colorado River, and has become a very popular recreation area for water sports. Hoover Power Plant creates energy for southern California, Nevada, and Arizona. A ladder of water projects further down the river include Davis Dam and Lake Mohave reservoir, Parker Dam and Lake Havasu, Headgate Rock Dam, and Imperial Dam, the latter providing water to farms and cities in the Imperial, Yuma, and Coachella valleys via the All-American Canal. Turning deserts into oases by diverting river water for irrigation has transformed the land, making it highly productive and profitable.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 August 12

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Abstract : Lynn Poole recalls his first experience seeing an airplane. He then diagrams and explains jet propulsion, based on Newton's Third Law of Motion. A film by the British Information Service details the development of the jet propulsion gas turbine by its creators, Sir Frank Whittle and Captain Patrick Johnson, from its patent to its use in the air and sea. U.S. General H.H. Arnold arranged for the Whittle engine to be manufactured in the United States. A second film shows the July 15, 1954 maiden flight of the Boeing 707 Stratotanker/Stratoliner, America's first jet transport. In conclusion, Lynn Poole points out an article about "The Johns Hopkins Science Review" in the Aug. 17, 1954 issue of the Saturday Evening Post.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 August 19

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Abstract : Due to studio difficulties, there is no sound track on this program for the first few minutes. Mr. Schwartz displays some of the creatures brought from Cook's Pond near Blairstown, NJ: a painted turtle, a bullfrog, a tree frog, and an aquarium of pond water with a variety of fish, insects, plants, and tadpoles, all part of the web of life. He then describes smaller pond organisms (hydra, damsel fly nymph, and planaria) that he shows viewers under a television microscope he developed.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 August 26

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Abstract : Lynn Poole shows photos and demonstrations from past programs and poses questions for viewers on the topics of skin grafting, atoms, electroencephalography, x-rays, and diffraction grating. Afterwards he gives the answers with explanations. Next a series of six simple experiments are performed, questions are asked about each, and answers are given afterwards. The experiments' concepts include molecular model identification, cold steam power, surface tension disruption, carbon dioxide production, and interaction of acetone with acetate rayon.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 September 5

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Abstract : Dr. Lee explains the research being carried out by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture's Dairy Husbandry Research Branch on milk production in tropical climates. He says that of the two major milk cow groups, the European cattle offer high milk production but low resistance to a hot environment and the native Indian humped cattle are the opposite. In addition to breeding the most heat resistant European cows and selecting the native cattle with the highest milk production for breeding, the Dept. of Agriculture is cross breeding Jersey cows and Sindhi cows. The research results seem to show that a cow that is 5/8 native Sindhi has the best combination of heat tolerance and milk production. In a film of the heat room, Mr. McDowell explains experiments which measure the cows' sweat and their respiratory cooling. He also notes that the color and thickness of a cow's coat and its blood flow to the skin are possible determinants in heat adaptation.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 September 12

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Abstract : Lynn Poole points out that science is often used in crime detection, as when Johns Hopkins physicist Robert W. Wood used ultra violet light to help police solve such crimes as the "candy box murder." Lieutenant Nelligan, Director of the Baltimore City Crime Lab, says that a criminalist, or scientific crime detective, requires a background in both science and police techniques. A dramatization follows the investigation of a fictitious crime, a burglary in a suburban house, to demonstrate the basic tools used to solve the crime: a microscope to match hairs and fibers, a spectrograph to analyze metals and glass, a vacuum cleaner to pick up evidence in a special filter, and a magnifying glass to enlarge details. The density gradient test is also demonstrated and explained. The cast for the scene is from Baltimore's Hilltop Theater: Caddell Burroughs, Elaine Swann, Earl Simmons, John Holland, Alex Quiroga, and Buff Shurr.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 September 19

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Abstract : Lynn Poole displays an optical pointer used in a projection planetarium as an introduction to Armand Spitz, director of Spitz Laboratories and inventor of the Spitz planetarium. Spitz discusses the history of astronomy, from the caveman to the Egyptian goddess Nut to the Hindus' view of earth on the back of a tortoise. He points out that the word "planets" came from the Greek "planetes," meaning "wanderers." Using kitchen bowls, Spitz demonstrates the early concept of the heavens as a hammered metal bowl and the sun, moon, and planets on concentric crystal spheres, each moving at its own speed and creating the "music of the spheres." Spitz shows an orrery, an early mechanical planetarium used to understand planetary movement and positions, and a photo of a Zeiss planetarium, one of six in the United States. In order that more people could experience astronomy, Spitz developed an affordable planetarium instrument based on a dodecahedron shape. He refined this model with additional attachments for teaching astronomy in school and museum planetariums. To explain the varying speeds of various planets, Spitz shows instruments built to simulate this movement as well as three electric trains (representing Mercury, Earth, and Jupiter) running on concentric tracks around a ball (representing the sun). He shows a model and a photo of the completed Spitz planetarium as well as a film clip of its preliminary action in Uruguay where it will be demonstrated at a UNESCO meeting. Spitz also shows a toy planetarium he devised for home appreciation of the universe.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 September 26

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Abstract : Dr. Waring, vice president of the Davison Chemical Co. in Baltimore, MD, defines a catalyst as a substance that when added to a chemical reaction either speeds it up or causes it to take place at a lower temperature. He offers the example of a sugar cube held in a flame, which will not burn unless potash from a cigarette ash is added. Commercial applications of catalysis include petroleum refining, converting distilled crude oil into transportation fuels and other petroleum-based products. Dr. Waring shows a model of the catalyst cracker and describes the cracking process in petroleum refining. An animated film shows what takes place in the reforming part of the process in which the molecular structure of the petroleum is changed to alter its combustion characteristics and thus alleviate knocking in automobile engines. Platinum is the catalyst in the reforming process. Dr. Waring notes that the silica gel developed and patented in 1919 by Johns Hopkins scientist D. Walter A. Patrick is the catalytic support for the manufacture of synthetic rubber and other petroleum-based plastics. Examples of vinyl products made with a pelletized catalyst include floor tiles, seat covers, wire insulation, and wearing apparel. Dr. Waring concludes that catalytic agents are the chemical traffic cops that direct chemical reactions and improve the quality of products.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 October 3

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Abstract : Dr. Sullivan explains that dermatology is the science of skin and its diseases. Skin, covering approximately 18 square feet, is a human's largest organ and serves as the body's protection. Using both live animals from the Baltimore Zoo and representations of animals, Dr. Sullivan explains their protective mechanisms: the lizard's skin changes color for camouflage; the duck's preen gland maintains its feathers with a precursor of vitamin D; the rat's sebaceous glands repel lice; the lion's mane protects it from other animals' bites; and a turtle's shell, a porcupine's quills, and a pachyderm's thick skin all protect the animal within. Dr. Sullivan draws a diagram of the layers of human skin, stressing the epidermis and protective barrier that prevents water from penetrating skin. He notes that a frog has no transitional layer, so its skin can take up water. The human sweat glands continuously secrete a wet film on the skin. The sebaceous glands secrete sebum, which contains two emulsifiers that allow the combination of this oil with the water from sweat. This creates a protective film against microorganisms on our skin. However, the acid mantle of the skin must maintain a pH balance of 4-6 to be effective or conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis may occur. Dr. Sullivan also points out that cuts, non-porous clothing, disease, etc. can also compromise the integrity of the skin.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 October 10

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Abstract : On this program about forensic medicine, Dr. Guerin, from the Maryland State Medical Examiner's Office, describes the case of a body found in a burned house and shows photographs of forensic evidence to prove this was not a homicide. By comparing a series of skulls, Dr. Guerin explains how to determine the age of the victim by examining the suture lines and the sex by looking at the nasal ridges and angle. The sex can also be determined by the pelvic bones, and the height can be computed by measurement of long bones such as the femur. Thus, knowledge of anthropology, anatomy, and radiology are necessary for forensic scientists. Dr. Freimuth discusses the chemistry of forensic science and performs chemical tests to determine the presence of arsenic in the death of a child. Dr. Lovitt points out that twenty percent of all Maryland state deaths need to be investigated. This often involves autopsies for courtroom evidence. He gives examples of cases, and he diagrams a congenital aneurysm, which led to hemorrhaging and caused sudden death by natural causes. Dr. Fisher discusses accidental v. homicidal gunshot wounds and compares diagrams of long and close range bullet wounds. He also shows photos of handgun and shotgun wounds from actual cases. Sergeant Arthur Plummer, weapons instructor for the Baltimore City police, fires a rifle at a target from various distances to demonstrate powder patterns around holes, which are often used to verify evidence in criminal cases.

Original Broadcast Date: 1954 October 17

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Abstract : In celebration of the 75th anniversary of Thomas Edison's invention of the electric light bulb, this program deals with the history of electricity and its current use in medicine. A film explores electricity's timeline: sparks created from rubbed amber, William Gilbert's study of magnetism, Benjamin Franklin's demonstration of lightening as electricity, Alessandro Volta's first electric battery, and Thomas Edison's 1879 incandescent electric light. Dr. McKusick explains the limitation of stethoscopes to show the need for spectral phonocardiography, a Bell Labs invention which records three-dimensional heart sounds. To create a spectral phonocardiogram, the doctor places a microphone over the patient's chest to record the heart's sounds on magnetic tape, but only the abnormalities are displayed in the final product. An EKG is also made simultaneously for comparison. Lynn Poole notes that research on guided missiles led to the next method of detecting heart disease, ballistocardiography, the study of the mechanics and force of the heart, made possible by the use of electronic equipment. John Hopkins University doctors investigating this experimental procedure for early detection of heart disease are Benjamin M. Baker, Jr., Frank W. Davis, Robert E. Mason, William R. Scarborough, Martin L. Singlewald, and Samuel A. Talbot. Dr. Davis draws a diagram of the basic principle of ballistocardiography: equal and opposite force. This force is detected by a transducer that translates heart beats to electrical energy, which amplified creates a ballistocardiogram. Again an EKG is made simultaneously. A film shows the equipment used for ballistocardiography, including the original mercury bed and the mechanical bed with accelerometer.